Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Environmental and Health Impacts

NANOSCIENCE ANDNANOTECHNOLOGY......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 16
Contributors......Page 20
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF NANOMATERIALS: OVERVIEW AND CHALLENGES......Page 24
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 25
Unknown......Page 0
1.2 NANOMATERIALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 27
1.2.2 Fate and Transport......Page 28
1.2.3 Transformation......Page 29
1.3 NANOMATERIALS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 30
1.3.1 Exposure and Absorption......Page 31
1.3.2 Distribution......Page 32
1.3.3 Metabolism......Page 33
1.4 CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 41
2.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND CHALLENGES 2.2.1 LCA Approach......Page 42
2.2.2 Nanotechnology LCA Challenges......Page 45
2.3.2 Existing Work......Page 46
2.3.3 Inventory for LCA of Nanotechnology......Page 47
2.4 CARBON NANOFIBERS: A CASE STUDY......Page 48
2.4.1 Life Cycle Energy Analysis......Page 49
2.4.2 Environmental LCA of Carbon Nanofibrs......Page 50
2.5 DISCUSSION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY LCA......Page 51
2.6.1 Input Side Indicators of Life Cycle Environmental Impact......Page 54
2.6.2 Predictive Toxicology and Applications for Nanotechnology......Page 57
2.7 SUMMARY......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 65
3.2.1 Recommendations from Recent Workshop and Agency Reports......Page 68
3.2.2 Nanoparticle Characterization: Bulk and Surface Properties......Page 69
3.2.3 Nanoparticle Characterization in Air and Water......Page 75
Measurements of Nanoparticles......Page 79
3.2.5 Example of a Combined Characterization and Toxicological Study Design for Inhaled Nanomaterials and a Review of Some Recen......Page 83
3.3 FUTURE ISSUES AND NEEDS......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 85
FATE AND TRANSPORT OF NANOMATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 91
4.2 NANOPARTICLE PROPERTIES 4.2.1 Types of Nanoparticles......Page 92
4.2.2 Particle Size......Page 93
4.2.4 Quantificatio of Nanoparticles in Water......Page 96
4.3 NANOPARTICLE REMOVAL MECHANISMS DURING WATER TREATMENT......Page 97
4.3.1 Coagulation......Page 98
4.3.2 Flocculation and Sedimentation......Page 102
4.3.3 Filtration......Page 105
4.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 112
5.3 NANOMATERIAL TRANSPORT AND RETENTION IN POROUS MEDIA......Page 113
5.3.1 Nanoparticle Transport and Filtration......Page 116
5.3.2 Nanoparticle Aggregation......Page 120
5.3.3 Nanoparticle–Solid Interactions......Page 123
5.3.4 Nanoparticle Retention......Page 124
5.4 SUMMARY......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 128
6.2.1 Transport of Colloids and Nanomaterials in Saturated Porous Media......Page 129
6.2.2 Transport of Colloids and Nanomaterials in Unsaturated Porous Media......Page 133
) Relationships of Porous Media......Page 136
6.3.2 Air–Water Interfacial Areas in Porous Media......Page 138
6.4 MOBILIZATION AND TRANSPORT OF COLLOIDS DURING DRAINAGE AND IMBIBITION......Page 139
6.5 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 6.5.1 Materials......Page 140
and Latex Nanoparticles During Primary Drainage......Page 141
and Latex Nanoparticles......Page 143
and Latex Nanoparticles During Primary Drainage......Page 145
and Latex Nanoparticles on the Air–Water Interfacial Area During Primary Drainage......Page 146
6.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
7.1 OVERVIEW......Page 153
7.2 BACKGROUND......Page 154
7.2.1 Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 155
7.2.2 Influnce of Surface Chemistry on the Environmental Impact of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 156
7.3.2 Oxidative Treatment......Page 157
7.4.1 Effects of Oxidation on the Physical Characteristics of MWCNTs......Page 158
7.4.2 Effects of Oxidation on the Chemical Composition of MWCNTs......Page 160
7.5 INFLUENCE OF SURFACE OXIDES ON THE AQUATIC STABILITY OF MWCNTs......Page 165
7.6.1 Effects of Surface Oxides on Naphthalene Sorption with MWCNTs......Page 169
7.6.2 Effects of Surface Oxides on Zinc Sorption with MWCNTs......Page 170
7.7 SUMMARY......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 179
PROPERTIES 8.2.1 Structure......Page 180
8.2.2 Solid C......Page 181
8.2.3 Solubility......Page 182
8.2.4 Spectroscopic Properties......Page 183
8.2.5 Aromaticity......Page 184
8.2.6 Reactivity......Page 188
8.3 FULLERENES IN WATER......Page 191
Aggregates......Page 192
8.3.2 Formation and Properties......Page 193
8.3.3 Surface Chemistry......Page 194
8.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF FULLERENE IN THE AQUEOUS PHASE 8.4.1 Introduction......Page 196
8.4.2 Experimental......Page 197
Aggregates......Page 198
Associated with Polymer and Surfactant in Aqueous Phase......Page 200
8.4.6 Environmental Significanc......Page 202
8.5.2 Experimental......Page 203
8.5.3 Reaction Kinetics......Page 204
8.5.4 Product Characterization......Page 205
8.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 Nanoparticles......Page 216
9.1.2 CdSe Quantum Dots......Page 217
9.1.3 Bacteria......Page 219
9.2 EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON QD FLUORESCENCE AND STABILITY......Page 220
9.3 BACTERIAL MICROENVIRONMENTS AND PHYSICAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH NANOPARTICLES......Page 223
9.4.1 QD Labeling, Uptake, Breakdown, and Toxicity in Bacteria......Page 226
9.4.2 Electron Transfer from Bacteria to Nanoparticles......Page 232
9.4.3 Nanocrystal Formation in Cells......Page 233
9.5 MICROBIAL ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 234
9.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 235
9.7 RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 237
9.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 240
TOXICITY AND HEALTH HAZARDS OF NANOMATERIALS......Page 251
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 252
10.1.1 Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants at the Organismal Level......Page 253
10.1.2 Molecular Modeling of Interaction of Carbon-based MN with Cell Membranes......Page 254
) Using Microbiotests......Page 255
Ability to Cross Cell Membranes......Page 257
Using Microbiotests and Sediment Indigenous Microorganisms......Page 264
10.3.2 Modeling Results......Page 266
10.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 278
Testing for Particle Toxicology......Page 279
11.1.2 Cells and Methods......Page 281
11.1.3 Commonly Studied Toxicology End Points......Page 282
11.2.1 Effect of Particle Size......Page 284
11.2.2 Comparisons of Different Nanoparticle Types and Toxicity Mechanisms......Page 285
11.2.3 Particle Uptake Studies......Page 286
11.2.4 Cell Model Differences......Page 287
Results......Page 288
11.3.1 Length Scale Issues......Page 289
11.3.2 Timescale Issues......Page 291
11.3.3 Dose and Concentration Issues......Page 293
11.4 PARTICLE-INDUCED ARTIFACTS......Page 296
11.4.2 Adsorption of Cytokines......Page 297
ASSAY DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
12.1 CORRELATION OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL MINERALS WITH STRUCTURE......Page 304
12.1.2 Cell–Fiber Interactions......Page 306
12.1.3 Chemical Studies: Fenton Chemistry......Page 312
12.1.4 Mutagenicity......Page 315
12.1.5 Discussion: Correlation of Biological Activity with Structure......Page 317
12.2 CORRELATIONS OF STRUCTURE WITH BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF PARTICULATES......Page 320
12.2.3 Macrophage-mediated Endothelial Activation by Particulates......Page 321
Production by Macrophages......Page 325
12.2.5 Determination of Fenton Activity of Particles......Page 327
12.2.6 Discussion: Correlation of Biological Activity with Structure......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 336
13.2.1 Light Intensity......Page 337
13.2.2 Light Source and Wavelength......Page 338
13.2.3 pH......Page 340
13.2.4 Temperature......Page 341
Atmosphere......Page 342
13.3 TARGET ORGANISM 13.3.1 Type of Bacteria......Page 343
13.3.3 Growth Media......Page 344
13.4 TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLES 13.4.1 Ecotoxicity......Page 346
13.4.2 Toxicity on Human Health......Page 347
/UV Process......Page 349
13.5.2 Cell Membrane Damage......Page 350
13.5.3 Enzymatic Response: Glutathione S-Transferase Activity......Page 352
13.5.4 Genetic Response: DNA Damage......Page 353
13.5.5 Overall Killing Mechanisms......Page 355
13.6 SUMMARY......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 362
14.2 METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES, THEIR USES, AND PROPERTIES......Page 364
14.3 CHEMICAL SPECIATION, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND TOXICITY OF METALS......Page 366
14.4 FACTORS LIKELY TO INFLUENCE BIOACCUMULATION AND TROPHIC TRANSFER OF NANOPARTICLES......Page 369
14.5 THE SURFACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATIONS OF THE SURFACE......Page 373
14.6 SUMMARY AND RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 376
REFERENCES......Page 377
15.1.1 What is a Nanoparticle?......Page 384
15.2.1 Potential Inhalation Exposure of Nanoparticles......Page 385
15.2.2 General Concepts of Pulmonary Deposition and Clearance of Nanoparticles......Page 386
15.2.3 Instillation Versus Inhalation Studies......Page 388
15.2.4 Aerosol Characterization for Inhalation Studies......Page 390
15.3 RESPIRATORY TOXICOLOGY STUDIES OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS......Page 391
15.3.1 Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide Particles......Page 394
15.3.2 Nanotubes......Page 396
15.3.3 Nanowires......Page 398
15.3.4 Nanosized Model Particles......Page 399
15.3.5 Extrapulmonary Transport of Inhaled Nanosized Particles......Page 402
15.4 BRIDGING THE KNOWLEDGE GAP BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND HUMAN EXPOSURES 15.4.1 Human Clinical Studies of Nanoparticles......Page 404
15.4.2 Correlating Nanoparticle Exposure, Dosimetry, and Health Effects......Page 405
15.5 CONSIDERATIONS OF PRODUCT SAFETY OF NANOMATERIALS......Page 407
15.6 CONCLUSION......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 410
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 422
16.1.1 Nanoparticle Inhalation and Pulmonary Response......Page 424
16.1.2 Nanoparticle Translocation to the Central Nervous System......Page 425
16.2.1 Neuroinflammaion......Page 428
16.2.2 Oxidative Stress......Page 430
16.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 437
REFERENCES......Page 438
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 446
17.2 NANOPARTICLE HAZARDS 17.2.1 Historical Perspective......Page 447
17.2.2 Nanoparticle Properties......Page 449
17.3 NANOPARTICLE DETECTION INSTRUMENTS AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 17.3.1 Overview of Available Instruments and Methods......Page 455
17.3.2 Nanoparticle Characterization......Page 461
17.3.3 Site Assessments......Page 463
17.4 NANOPARTICLE CONTROL......Page 464
17.4.1 Filter Media Tests......Page 465
17.5 NANOPARTICLE RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 466
17.5.1 Risk Assessment Methods......Page 468
REFERENCES......Page 469
INDEX......Page 478