Nanorobotics and Nanodiagnostics in Integrative Biology and Biomedicine

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Nanorobotics and Nanodiagnostics in Integrative Biology and Biomedicine: A Note from the Editors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Background
1.3 Overview of the Book
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Nanorobots for Drug Delivery, Surgery, and Biosensing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design of Nanorobots
2.3 Application
2.3.1 Drug Delivery
2.3.2 Surgery
2.3.3 Biosensing
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Biomolecule-Based Nanorobot for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 DNA and Proteins
3.3 CAD Systems for Bio-nanorobotics Simulation
3.4 Biomolecule-Loaded Therapeutic Delivery
3.4.1 Pharmaceuticals
3.4.2 Biologics and Genes
3.4.3 Living Cell-Based Therapies
3.5 Selected Diseases
3.5.1 Cancer
3.5.1.1 Diabetes
3.5.1.2 Hemorrhage Treatment
3.6 Challenges and Prospects
References
Chapter 4: Printable Nanorobots and Microswimmers for Therapeutic Advancement: Present Status and Future Opportunities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of 3D Printing Techniques for Nanorobot Fabrication
4.2.1 Powder-Bed Fusion
4.2.2 Vat Polymerization
4.2.3 Inkjet Printing
4.2.4 Extrusion and Direct-Ink-Writing Printing
4.2.5 Direct Laser Writing Printing
4.3 Materials for 3D Printing of Micro-/Nanomotors
4.4 Shape Reconfiguration for Tunable Multifunctionality
4.5 Types of Nanomotors and Their Function
4.5.1 Helical Micro-/Nanoswimmers
4.5.2 Tubular Micro-/Nanoswimmers
4.5.3 Micro-/Nanomotors with Mixed Functions
4.6 Propulsion Mechanism of Nanomotors
4.6.1 Chemical and Biological Propulsion
4.6.2 Magnetic Propulsion
4.6.3 Ultrasonic Propulsion
4.7 Therapeutic Applications
4.8 Key Challenges and Future Outlook
4.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 5: Fundamental in Polymer-/Nanohybrid-Based Nanorobotics for Theranostics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polymers
5.2.1 Natural Polymers
5.2.1.1 Alginate
5.2.1.2 Collagen
5.2.1.3 Chitosan
5.2.1.4 Gelatin
5.2.1.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
5.2.2 Synthetic Biopolymer
5.2.2.1 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
5.2.2.2 Poly(D,L-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
5.2.2.3 Polyethylene Glycol
5.3 Fabrication of Theranostic Nanorobots
5.3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Theranostics
5.3.2 Micelles
5.3.3 Dendrimers
5.3.4 Nanogels
5.3.5 Hybrid Conjugates
5.4 Bioconjugation Process
5.5 Application in Theranostics
5.5.1 Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
5.5.2 Bacterial Infections and Wound Healing
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Magneto-Responsive Nanohybrids for Bioimaging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanohybrids
6.2.1 Carbon-Carbon NHs
6.2.2 Carbon-Metal NHs
6.2.3 Metal-Metal NHs
6.2.4 Organic Molecule-Coated NHs
6.2.4.1 Synthesis of Polymeric Nanocapsules (NCs)
6.2.4.2 Lipid-Based NHs
6.2.4.3 Cellulose-Supported Magnetic NHs
6.2.5 Virus Nanoparticles (VNPs)
6.3 Characterizations of Nanohybrids
6.3.1 ICP-MS and ICP-OES
6.3.2 EDS
6.3.3 SEM and TEM
6.3.4 XRD
6.3.5 Magnetic Properties of Nanohybrids
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Photothermal Nanomaterials for Wound Monitoring and Cancer Biomedicine
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photothermal Nanomaterials: Application for Wound Healing and Monitoring
7.2.1 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy for Wound Healing
7.2.2 Photothermal Nanomaterials for Skin Wound Healing
7.2.3 Photothermal Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Defects
7.3 Photothermal Nanomaterials: Applications for Cancer Biomedicine
7.3.1 Photothermal Therapy Using Metal Nanomaterials
7.3.2 Photothermal Therapy Using Semiconductor Nanomaterials
7.3.3 Photothermal Therapy Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
7.3.4 Photothermal Therapy Using Conducting Polymers
7.4 Limitations and Future Prospect
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Polymer Nanohybrid-Based Smart Platforms for Controlled Delivery and Wound Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of the Polymers
8.2.1 Natural Polymers
8.2.2 Synthetic Polymers
8.3 Kinds of Nanomaterials
8.3.1 0D and 1D Nanomaterials
8.3.2 2D and 3D Nanomaterials
8.4 Application of Polymer Nanohybrid-Based Smart Platforms
8.4.1 Delivery of Active Molecules
8.4.2 Wound Management
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Development of Efficient Strategies for Physical Stimuli-Responsive Programmable Nanotherapeutics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
9.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Nanomaterial
9.2.1.1 Programming with Different Thermoresponsive Chemical Compounds
9.2.1.2 LCST Programming for Thermal Targeting and Controlled Release
Programming with Different Architecture
Programming with Additional Functional Groups
Photo-responsive Nanomaterials
Programming with Different Basic Chemistry That Is Light-Responsive
Programming with Additional Functional Groups
9.2.2 Ultrasound-Responsive Materials
9.2.2.1 Programming Using Basic Chemistry for Ultrasound-Responsive Materials
9.2.2.2 Programming with Functional Groups on Nanomaterials
9.2.3 Magnetic Field-Responsive Nanomaterials
9.2.3.1 Programming Using the Magnetic Field-Responsive Chemical Compounds
9.2.3.2 Programming After Modification with Different Functional Groups
Electroresponsive Nanomaterials
Programming Using Different Chemical Modification
Programming After Modification with Different Functional Groups
9.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: The Flexible and Wearable Pressure Sensing Microsystems for Medical Diagnostics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials
10.2.1 Substrate Materials
10.2.2 Active Materials
10.3 Fundamentals of Pressure Sensors
10.3.1 Sensing Mechanisms
10.3.1.1 Piezoresistivity
10.3.1.2 Capacitance
10.3.1.3 Piezoelectricity
10.3.1.4 Triboelectricity
10.3.2 Key Parameters of Pressure Sensor
10.3.2.1 Sensitivity
10.3.2.2 Power Consumption
10.3.2.3 Other Key Parameters
10.4 Applications for Flexible Pressure Sensors
10.4.1 Detecting Heart Rate or Pulse
10.4.2 Detecting Pressure In Vivo
10.4.3 Gait Monitoring
10.4.4 Recognition of Sound Signal
10.4.5 Breath Detection
10.4.6 Tactile Perception
10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip for Biomedical Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fabrication of Microfluidic System
11.3 Significance of Nonlinear Process in Microfluidics
11.4 Significance of Microfluidic Systems
11.5 Biomedical Applications
11.5.1 Organs-on-Chips (OoCs)
11.5.2 Lung-on-a-Chip (LuoC)
11.5.3 Brain-on-a-Chip (BoC)
11.5.4 Joint/Muscle-on-a-Chip (JoC) and Human-on-a-Chip (HoC)
11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Medical Diagnosis II: Strategies for Pathogen Detection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 LoC Fabrication for Medical Diagnosis
12.3 Pathogen Diagnosis
12.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 13: Nanodiagnostics: New Tools for Detection of Animal Pathogens
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional Methods for Detection of Animal Diseases
13.3 Recent Approaches of Nanomaterial Applications in Detection of Animal Diseases
13.3.1 Types of Nanodiagnostics
13.3.1.1 Nanotubes
13.3.1.2 Nanocrystal
13.3.1.3 Nanorobotics
13.3.1.4 Nanowires
13.3.1.5 Quantum Dots
13.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Nanodiagnostics
13.3.2.1 Disease Diagnosis and Therapy
13.3.2.2 Cancer Detection
13.3.2.3 Bio-imaging
13.4 Methods of Nanoparticle Functionalization for Disease Diagnosis
13.4.1 Immuno-Based Methods
13.4.1.1 Avian Influenza
13.4.1.2 Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
13.4.1.3 Newcastle Disease
13.4.2 Molecular-Based Methods
13.4.2.1 Anthrax
13.4.2.2 Brucellosis
13.4.2.3 Aflatoxicosis
13.5 Nano Biosensors Using Biomarkers
13.5.1 Types of Biosensors
13.5.1.1 Electro-Chemical Biosensors
13.5.1.2 Potentiometric Biosensors
13.5.1.3 Amperometric Biosensors
13.5.1.4 Impedimetric Biosensors
13.5.2 Optical Biosensor
13.5.3 Mass-Based Biosensor
13.5.4 Calorimetric Biosensor
13.5.5 Detection of Antibody Markers
13.5.6 DNA Sensors
13.5.7 Aptasensors
13.5.8 Immunosensors
13.5.9 Miscellaneous
13.6 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
Chapter 14: Nano-Based Robotic Technologies for Plant Disease Diagnosis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pathogen Detection Methods
14.2.1 Morphological Tools
14.2.2 Molecular Tools
14.2.3 Omics Tools
14.2.4 Nano-Based Diagnostics Tools
14.2.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Sensors
Quantum Dot
Metal Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles for Pathogen Diagnosis
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanotubes
14.2.5 Nanobiosensors
14.2.5.1 CRISPR/Cas-Powered Nanobiosensors
14.2.6 Nanochips
14.2.7 Nanopore-Based Detection
14.3 Robotics Techniques for Plant Pathogens Detection
14.4 Nanotools for Detection of Plant Pathogens
14.4.1 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens
14.4.2 Fungal Pathogens Detection
14.4.3 Viral Pathogen Detection
14.5 Diagnosis of the Plant Varieties and Other Forms
14.6 Challenges
14.7 Future Trends
14.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Nanodiagnostic Tools for Mycotoxins Detection
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conventional Diagnostics for Mycotoxins in Agriculture
15.3 Nanosurveillance to Mitigate Mycotoxins
15.4 Nanodiagnostics for Mycotoxins
15.4.1 Sensors Based on Nanomaterials for Mycotoxin Surveillance
15.4.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
15.5 Smart Nanosensors
15.5.1 Nanoparticles with Conductivity-Based Sensors
15.5.2 Antibody-Coupled Nanomaterials
15.6 Smart and Antifungal Packaging Nanosurveillance
15.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16: CRISPR/Cas Systems: A New Biomedical and Agricultural Diagnostic Devices for Viral Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 CRISPR/Cas-Based Diagnostic Tools
16.2.1 CRISPR: An Introduction
16.2.2 Applications of CRISPR
16.2.2.1 CRISPR Applications in Plant Breeding
16.2.2.2 CRISPR Applications in Animal Breeding
16.2.2.3 CRISPR Applications in Biotherapy
16.2.3 CRISPR/Cas
16.2.4 CRISPR/Cas Mechanism
16.2.5 CRISPR/Cas System
16.2.5.1 Cas3
16.2.5.2 Cas9
16.2.5.3 Cas12
16.2.5.4 Cas13
16.2.5.5 CRISPR/Cas14
16.2.6 CRISPR Methods and Techniques
16.2.6.1 CRISPR-Mediated Gene Knockout
16.2.6.2 CRISPR/Cas Knock-In
16.2.6.3 CRISPRa and CRISPRi
16.2.6.4 CRISPR/Cas System Screens
16.2.6.5 Base Editing and Prime Editing
16.2.7 CRISPR/Cas Diagnostic Tools
16.2.7.1 CRISPR/Cas3
16.2.7.2 CRISPR/Cas9
CARP-Cas9
CAS-EXPAR and NASBACC-Cas9
FELUDA-Cas9
16.2.7.3 CRISPR/Cas12
DETECTR-Cas12
HOLMES-Cas12a
SENA-Cas12a
ITP-CRISPR/Cas12a
AIOD-CRISPR/Cas12a
CRISPR-ENHANCE-Cas12a
iSCAN (CRISPR/Cas12a)
16.2.7.4 CRISPR/Cas 13
Cas13
SHERLOCK-Cas13
CREST-Cas13a
CARMEN-Cas13a
CARVER-Cas13a
16.2.8 Challenges
16.2.9 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 17: DNA-Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metal Ions
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Heavy Metals Pollution and Detection
17.3 Nanobiosensors and Pollution Detection
17.4 DNA Biosensor and DNA Nanobiosensors
17.5 Nanosensors and DNA Nanosensors for Heavy Metals Detection
17.6 Challenges
17.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Chapter 18: Smart Nanosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metals Detection
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of Sensing Techniques
18.2.1 The Need for Smart and Intelligent Nanosensors
18.2.2 Smart Nanosensors and Nanobiosensors
18.2.3 Operation Modes of Nanosensors
18.3 Nanomaterials and their Types
18.3.1 General Aspect of Nanomaterials
18.3.2 Type of Nanomaterials
18.4 Nanomaterial-Based Nanosensors/Nanobiosensors and Their Applications
18.4.1 Nanosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metal Detection
18.4.1.1 Noble Metal-Based Nanosensors
18.4.1.2 Semiconductor-Based Nanosensors
18.4.1.3 Nanocarbon-Based Nanosensors
18.4.1.4 Nanocomposite-Based Nanosensors
18.4.2 Nanobiosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metal Detection
18.4.2.1 Enzyme-Derived Nanobiosensors
18.4.2.2 Immuno-Derived Nanobiosensors
18.4.2.3 Nucleic Acid-Derived Nanobiosensors
18.4.2.4 Whole-Cell Biosensors
18.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Index