Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers-Based Pharmaceutical Formulations

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Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction to Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers
Amit Kumar Jain1,* and Neha Gahlot1
INTRODUCTION
Overview of Nanoparticles (NPs)
Structure, Morphology, and Size Analysis
Optical Characterization
Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles
Classification of Nanoparticles
Methods of Synthesis
Overview on Nanocarriers
Classification
Advantages Over Conventional Drug Delivery
Challenges Faced by these Systems in Nanomedicine
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System: Basic Concepts and Applications
Sakshi Tiwari1, Bina Gidwani2, Priya Namdeo1, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey2, Shiv Shankar Shukla2, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain1, Vikas Kumar Jain5 and Amber Vyas1,*
INTRODUCTION
POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Disadvantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Ideal Characteristics of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Types of Polymers used for Carrier System
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
METHODS OF PREPARATION OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
Pre-existed Polymer Dispersion Method
Solvent Evaporation Method
Salting Out Method
Supercritical Fluid Technology Method
Dialysis Method
Nanoprecipitation Method
Monomer Polymerization Method
Emulsion Polymerization Method
Interfacial Polymerization Method
Controlled Radical Polymerization Method
APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
Cancer Imaging And Diagnosis
Cancer Treatment
Ocular Drug Delivery
Vaginal Disease Treatment
Central Nervous System (CNS) Drug Deliver
Cardiovascular Disorders
Bacterial and Viral Infections
Antidotes
Nutraceutical Agents
Food Packaging
PATENTS ON POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
CONCLUSION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
An Overview on Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System for its Specific and Targeted Effects in Various Diseases
Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao1, Aditi Pradhan1, Sneha Singh2 and Abhimanyu Dev1,*
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC & TARGETED NANOPARTICLES
Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Micelles
Drug Conjugates
Nanogels
Dendrimers
Nanoparticles
Non-Polymer Based Nanoparticles
Carbon Dots
Carbon Nanotubes
Quantum Dots
Silica-Based Nanoparticles
Nanodiamonds
Metallic Nanoparticles
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Exosomes
Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Drug Nanocrystals
APPLICATIONS OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC NANOPARTICLES
Autoimmne and Immunodeficient Disorders
Cardiovascular Disease
Infectious Diseases
Cancer
Pulmonary diseases
CHALLENGES IN NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Nanocarriers For Drug Targeting
Bina Gidwani1, Varsha Sahu2, Priya Namdeo2, Sakshi Tiwari2, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey1, Shiv Shankar Shukla1, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain2, Suresh Thareja5 and Amber Vyas2,*
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Targeted Drug Delivery [5 - 18]
Advantages of Nanocarriers in Drug Targeting
MECHANISM OF DRUG TARGETING [1, 18]
Active Targeting
First-order Targeting/ Organ Targeting
Second-order Targeting/Cell Targeting
Third-order Targeting/ Intracellular Targeting
Passive Targeting
Inverse Targeting
Physical Targeting
Dual Targeting
Double Targeting
TYPES OF NANOCARRIERS FOR TARGETING
Lipid-based Nanocarriers
Polymer-based Nanocarriers
Non-Polymers-based Nanocarriers
Liposome
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
Dendrimer
Nanoemulsion
Quantum Dots
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Polymeric Micelles
STRATEGIES FOR DRUG LOADING IN NANOCARRIERS OR THEIR RELEASE
Marketed Formulations, Patents, And Recent Developments
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Nanomaterials as Diagnostic Tools and Drug Carriers
Ashish K. Parashar1, Preeti Patel2, Monika Kaurav3, Krishna Yadav4, Dilpreet Singh2, G.D. Gupta2 and Balak Das Kurmi2,*
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF NANOTHERANOSTICS
NANOMATERIALS AS NANOTHERANOSTICS
TYPES OF NANOTHERANOSTIC SYSTEMS
Theranostic Quantum Dots
Metallic Nanomaterials for Theranostics
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide NPs(SPIONs)
Gold NPs as Nanotheranostic Carrier
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Theranostics
Graphene Oxide as Nanotheranostics
Polymer-Based Theranostics Nanomaterials
Theranostic Liposomes
Theranostic Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
Polymeric Micelle NPs as Nanotheranostic
Theranostic Dendrimers
Polymer Conjugates
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF NANOTHERANOSTICS
Applications of Nanotheranostics in Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy
Photothermal Therapy
Hyperthermia Treatment
Applications of Nanotheranostics for Imaging
Optical Imaging
MRI Imaging
Ultrasound Imaging
Nanotheranostics in Cancer Treatment
Nanotheranostics for Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Engineered Mammalian Cell-Based Theranostic Agents for Cancer Therapy
Theranostic Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
Nanotheranostics for the imaging of pulmonary diseases
Theranostics for Treatment of Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Theranostics for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
CONCLUSION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Targeting Potential of Nanocarriers for Efficient Treatment of H. Pylori Infection
Sunil K. Jain1,*, Kuldeep Rajpoot1, K. Kesavan1, Awesh Yadav2, Umesh Gupta3 and Prem N. Gupta4
INTRODUCTION
NANO APPROACHES
Mucoadhesion Approach
pH Responsive Nanoparticles
Receptor Mediated Targeting
Liposomes
Nanolipobeads, Polymeric Nano-micelles And Nanogels
Herbal Approach
Nanoparticulate Vaccine
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Gastro-retentive Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery
Kuldeep Rajpoot1,*, Sunil K. Jain1 and Saroj Dangi Rajpoot2
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STOMACH
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF GRNCS IN THE STOMACH
Physiological Factors
Patient-associated Factors
Pharmaceutical Factors
GRNCS-BASED APPROACHES FOR IMPROVING GRT OF NCS
Sink-approach Based NCs
Porous NCs
Ion-exchange Resin NCs
Floating NCs
Magnetic NCs
Mucoadhesive NCs
Swelling NCs
NCS FOR SUSTAINED EFFECT OF DRUG IN GIT
Lipid NCs
Polymeric NCs
CONCLUSIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Nanocarrier-based Targeted Delivery in Cancer
Shyam S. Pancholi1,*, Aseem Setia2, Manu Singhai2 and Atul Chaudhary2
INTRODUCTION
Nanocarriers and Drug Targeted Delivery System
Tumor Targeting Approaches
Colon/Colorectal Cancer Targeting
pH-based Medication For Colon Targeting
Polysaccharides Based Delivery Systems
Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery System
Folate Receptor
Mannose Receptor (MR)
Breast Cancer Targeting
Organic Drug Delivery Approaches
Coated Nano-liposomes
Dendrimers
Drug Delivery Based on Inorganic Compounds: Gold Nanoparticles
Approaches to Localize Therapeutic Agents: Nanofibers
Brain Cancer Targeting
Lipid Drug Conjugation for Brain Delivery
Intra-arterial Drug Delivery
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Nose to Brain Delivery
Cervical Cancer
Systemic Drug Delivery Systems
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Dendrimers
Localized Drug Delivery System
Scaffolds/nanofibers
Hydrogels
Prostate Cancer
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNPs)
Androgen Signaling By Heat Shock Protein 90
Alpha Therapy Targeted Approach
Clinical Studies For Various Types of Cancer
Brain Cancer Trials
Breast Cancer Trials
Cervical Cancer Trials
Colon/colorectal Cancer Trials
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Nanoemulsion: A Potential Carrier for Topical Drug Delivery
Karthikeyan Kesavan1,*, Parasuraman Mohan1, Sunil K Jain1, Olivia Parra-Marín2 and Selvasankar Murugesan3
INTRODUCTION
Components of a Nanoemulsion
Oil/lipids
Surfactants and co-surfactants
Preservatives, Antioxidants, and Chemoprotectants
Mechanisms of Emulsion Formation
Preparation of Nanoemulsion
High Energy Emulsification Method
Low Energy Emulsification Methods
Spontaneous Emulsification
Phase Inversion Method
Characterization of Emulsions
Particle Size Determination
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
Polydispersity Index
Electron Microscopy Techniques
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Zeta Potential Determination
Viscosity Determination
Nanoemulsion as a skin delivery
Non- Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Local Anaesthetics
Antimicrobial
Anticancer Drug
Nanoemulsion as Ocular Drug Delivery
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Antiglaucoma Drugs
Miscellaneous Drugs
Stability Issues
Physical Instability
Creaming
Flocculation
Coalescence
Ostwald Ripening
Phase Inversion
Chemical Instability
Regulatory Strategy for Assessment of Emulsion Stability
Recent Patents on Nanoemulsion for Topical (ocular/skin) Therapeutics
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Lipoidal Carrier as Drug Delivery System
Bina Gidwani1, Priya Namdeo2, Sakshi Tiwari2, Atul Tripathi4, Ravindra Kumar Pandey1, Shiv Shankar Shukla1, Veenu Joshi3, Vishal Jain2, Suresh Thareja5 and Amber Vyas2,*
INTRODUCTION
Need for Lipoidal Carrier System [10]
Advantages of lipoidal Carrier System [12, 13]
Disadvantages of lipoidal Carrier System [13]
Ideal Characters
Solubility
Dispersion
Digestion
Absorption
TYPES OF LIPIDS USED FOR CARRIER SYSTEM
Triglycerides
Mixed Glycerides and Polar Oils
Cosolvents
Water-Insoluble Surfactants
Water-soluble Surfactants
Additives
MECHANISM OF LIPOIDAL CARRIERS IN IMPROVED DRUG DELIVERY
Topical Delivery
Oral Delivery
Pulmonary Delivery
Ophthalmic Delivery
MICRO AND NANO-CARRIERS AS LIPID-BASED SYSTEM
Liposome
Advantages
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Advantages
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
Lipid-Drug Conjugate (LDC)
Lipid Nanocapsules (LNC)
Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLM)
Lipospheres
Submicron Lipid Emulsions
APPLICATIONS IN NUMEROUS FIELDS
Therapeutic Applications
Topical Application
Parenteral Application
Oral Application
Pulmonary Application
Other Applications
Cancer Therapy
Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier
Gene Therapy
Protein and Peptide Delivery
Delivery of Antioxidant and Vitamin
Diagnostics Delivery
PATENTS IN LIPIODOL SYSTEM
CONCLUSION
FUTURE POTENTIAL OF INNOVATIVE LIPOIDAL PARTICULATE DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF DRUG
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Liposomal Drug Delivery
Unnati Batra1, Tejashree Waghule1, Ranendra N. Saha1 and Gautam Singhvi1,*
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORIZATION OF LIPOSOMES
Based on morphology (Lamellarity)
Based on Composition and Application
Based on preparation methods
ADVANTAGES OF LIPOSOMES
LIMITATIONS OF LIPOSOMES
METHODS OF PREPARATION AND DRUG LOADING
Preparation of Liposomes
Methods of Drug Loading
Passive Loading
Mechanical Dispersion Method
Solvent Dispersion Method
Detergent Removal Methods
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Active Loading
CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOSOMES
Size and Size Distribution
Zeta Potential
Lamellarity Determination
Encapsulation Efficiency (EE)
Drug Release
Stability
Physical Stability
Chemical Stability
PARAMETERS AFFECTING IN-VIVO BEHAVIOR OF LIPOSOME
Bilayer Membrane Fluidity
Surface Charge
Method of Preparation
RECENT MODIFICATIONS IN LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY
APPLICATION OF LIPOSOMES AND RECENT ADVANCES
REGULATORY ASPECTS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Niosome: A Vesicular Drug Delivery Tool
Preeti Patel1, Ashish K. Parashar2, Monika Kaurav3, Krishna Yadav4, Dilpreet Singh1, G.D. Gupta1 and Balak Das Kurmi1,*
INTRODUCTION
SILENT FEATURES OF NSS
A TYPICAL NSSTRUCTURE
FORMULATION COMPONENTS
Non-ionic Surfactants
Alkyl Ethers
Alkyl Esters
Alkyl Amides
Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Compounds
Additive Agents
Charge Inducer Molecules
Hydration Medium
TYPES OF NS
Vesicles [MLV]
Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUV)
Small Unilamellar Vesicles (SUV)
Bola-NS
Proniosomes
Apsosomes
Discomes
Elastic NS
DIFFERENT PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR NSDEVELOPMENT
Thin Film Hydration Method
“Bubble” Method
Dehydration-Rehydration Method
Ether Injection Method
Hand-Shaking Method
Heating Method
Sonication Method
Microfluidization Method
Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing
Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
The Enzymatic Method
Single-pass Technique
Freeze and Thaw Method
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF NS
Surfactants
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) and Critical Packing Parameters (CPP)
Quantity of surfactant and lipid
Additive Agents Andencapsulated Drug
Thermodynamic Feature and Geometric Features of Amphiphilic Molecule
Membrane Composition and Resistance of Osmotic Stress
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF NS
Percent Entrapment Efficiency (% EE)
Size, Shape and Morphology and Surface Charge
ADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION FOR NS DELIVERY
Intravenous
Oral
Intramuscular
Dermal and Transdermal
Ocular
Nasal Administration
Pulmonary
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NS
Limitation of NS Drug Delivery System
CONCLUSION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Resealed Erythrocytes: As A Drug Delivery Tool
Krishna Yadav1, Monika Kaurav2, Preeti Patel3, Ashish K. Parashar4 and Balak Das Kurmi2,*
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL CONCERN OF R-ERS
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RBCS
STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
SELECTION OF ERS AS A DELIVERY CARRIER
PROS AND CONS OF ERYTHROCYTES AS A DELIVERY CARRIER
Advantages of Erythrocytes as a Delivery Carrier
Disadvantages of Erythrocytes as a Delivery Carrier
PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ERYTHROCYTES
TECHNIQUES OF DRUG LOADING OR ENCAPSULATION IN ERYTHROCYTES
Hypo-Osmotic Lysis Techniques
Hypotonic Dilutional Technique
Pre-Swell Dilutional Hemolysis
Hypotonic Dialysis
Isotonic Osmotic Lysis
Membrane Perturbation
Electro Encapsulation or Electro-Insertion
Encapsulation by Endocytosis
Loading of the Drug by an Electric Cell Fusion Technique
Lipid Fusion Method
CHARACTERIZATION OF R-ERS
In Vitro Characterization
The Structure and Surface Morphology
Drug Content
In Vitro Release of Drug and Content Hemoglobin Study
Cell Counting and Recovery Study
Osmotic Shock and Fragility Study
Turbulence Fragility (TF)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Determination of Entrapped Magnetite
In Vitro Stability
In Vivo Characterization
ADMINISTRATION OF R-ERS
DRUG RELEASE MECHANISM FROM R-ERS
APPLICATIONS OF R-ERS
Drug Targeting
Targeting RES Organs
TargetingNon-RES
Targeting the Liver
Delayed Drug Release
Elimination of Toxic Agents
Enzyme Therapy
Targetingof Parasitic Disease
Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
CONCLUSION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for the Management of Ophthalmic Diseases
Kesavan Karthikeyan1,*, Nivedita Gautam1, Olivia Parra-Marín2 and Selvasankar Murugesan3
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy and Physiology of Eye
Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery
Ocular Barriers
Tear
Cornea
Conjunctiva
Blood Ocular Barriers
The Blood–Aqueous Barrier
The Blood Retinal Barrier
GENE THERAPY
Ocular Gene Therapy
Viral-mediated Gene Delivery
Adenovirus
Adeno-associated Virus
Lentiviral Vectors
Non-Viral Mediated Gene Delivery
Naked DNA Injection
Physical Methods
Chemical Approaches
Liposomes
Nanoparticles
Niosomes
Micelles
Polyplexes
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biological Approaches to Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Applications in the Development Of Herbal Formulations
Vivek Shrivastava1, Bhavisha Patel1 and Akhlesh K. Jain2,*
INTRODUCTION
Synthesis of Nanoparticles using Microbes
The Mechanism of Synthesis of the Nanoparticle by Microbes
Viral Nanotechnology
Green Synthesis - Nanoparticles from Plants Extracts
Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract
Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract
Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles
Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis by using Plant Extract
Characterization of Nanoparticles
Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA)
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Laser- Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Use of Nanoparticles in the Development of Herbal Formulations
Impact of Plant Mediated Nanoparticles on Therapeutic Efficacy of Medicinal plants
Nano Technology in Tissue Engineering
Production of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technique
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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