Nanomedicine

Series Preface
Volume Preface
Contents
About the Series Editors
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
1 Introduction to Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine: Definitions
What Is ``Nano´´ and ``Nanotechnology´´?
What Is ``Nanomedicine´´?
The Brief History of Nanomedicine
Richard Feynman: The Visionary
Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM): The Technical Foundation
Robert A. Freitas Jr.: The Pioneer of Theoretics
Twenty-First Century: Thriving in the New Era
Applications of Nanomedicine
Drug Delivery
In Vivo Imaging
In Vitro Diagnostics
Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
Wearable and Implantable Devices
Future of Nanomedicine
Nanorobotics
Nano-enabled Immune Modulation
Omics and Bioinformatics
Artificial Intelligence
Conclusions
References
Part II: From Nanobiology to Nanomedicine
2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials and Nanostructures from Nanobiology to Nanomedicine
Introduction
Development of Bioinspired Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
The Applications of Bioinspired Nanomaterials and Nanostructures and from Nanobiology to Nanomedicine
Bioinspired Mineralization
Bioinspired DNA Nanorobots
Bioinspired Smart Nanochannels
Bioinspired Cell Adhesion and Cancer Liquid Biopsy
Bioinspired Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy
Immune Cell-Inspired Vaccine for Cancer Therapy
Bioinspired Artificial Vascular
Bioinspired Organ-on-a-Chip
Bioinspired Liver-on-a-Chip
Bioinspired Heart-on-a-Chip
Bioinspired Kidney-on-a-Chip
Bioinspired Brain-on-a-Chip
Outlook
References
Part III: Medical Nanotechnology
3 Medical Nanomaterials
Introduction
Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue
Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)
Dry Synthesis of nHA
Wet Synthesis of nHA
Characteristics and Modification
Nano β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Synthesis of Nano β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Chemical Precipitation Method
Hydrothermal Method
Alcohol Compound Method
Characteristics and Modification
Applications of Nano-Calcium Phosphate
Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon Dots
Carbon Nanotubes
Graphene
Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon Dots
Carbon Nanotubes
Graphene
Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials
Functionalization with Polymers
Functionalization with Biomolecules
Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials
Imaging
Sensing
Drug and Gene Delivery
Silicon Nanomaterials
Fundamental Properties
Synthesis of Silicon Nanomaterials
Biofunctionalization of Silicon Nanomaterials
Biomedical Applications
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Fundamental Features
The Size-Dependent Effect and the Surface Effect
Doping Effect
Synthesis and Surface Modification
Ligand Exchange
Surface Coating
Phase Transfer
Biomedical Applications
Separation and Preconcentration
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy
Quantum Dots
What Are Quantum Dots?
Size-Dependent Bandgap
Wide Excitation Range and Narrow Emission Linewidth
Bright Emission
Tunable Surface Chemistry
High Photostability
Synthesis and Construction
Discovery of QDs
Monodisperse High-Quality QDs
High Temperature
Hot-Injection Method
High Photoluminescent Quantum Yield QDs
Passivated by Organic Ligands
Passivated by Inorganic Shell Materials
Biosynthesis Methods
Modification of QDs
Biomedical Applications of QDs
Conclusion
References
4 Nanotechnology for Enhancing Medical Imaging
Introduction
Delivery and Targeting of Nanoparticulate Imaging Agents
Obstacles to the Wide Application of Nanoparticulate Imaging Agents
Targeting Strategies of Nanoparticles
Passive Targeting
Effect of Nanoparticles Size
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles
Active Targeting
Deep Tissue Targeting
Intravascular and Transvascular Transport of Nanoparticles
Effect of Ligand Density
Vascular Targeting
Nanoparticles for Different Imaging Modalities
Ultrasonic Nanoagents
Nanobubbles
Phase Change Nanodroplets
Liposomes
Biogenic Gas Vesicles
Optical Nanoagents
Luminescence
Resonance Energy Transfer
Raman
MRI Nanoagents
Magnetic Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents
Effects of Magnetic Nanoparticles on the MRI Signal
Nuclear Imaging Nanoagents
Nanoparticles for Computed Tomography
Nanoagents for Optical Coherence Tomography
Photoacoustic Nanoagents
Multimodality Nanoagents
Nanotheranostics and Image-Guided Therapies
Biodistribution, Clearance, and Toxicity of Imaging Nanoagents
Clinical Translation of Nanotechnologies for Medical Imaging
Nanoparticles for MRI
Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Imaging Navigation
Nanoparticles for Nuclear Imaging
Conclusions and Outlook
References
5 Toxicology for Nanotechnology
Introduction
Brief History of Nanotoxicity in China
Exposure Routes of Nanomaterials and Their Effects on Important Tissues and Organs
The Metabolism and Transport of Nanomaterials in Organisms
In Vivo Kinetic Properties of Nanomaterials
Bioavailability of Nanomaterials Determines the Accumulation of Nanomaterials in the Body
The Highly Sensitive and High-Resolution Analysis Techniques for the ADME Process
The Physiochemical Properties of Nanomaterials Influencing the Nanosafety
The Influence of Surface Properties of Nanomaterials on Biological Effects
Metal Impurity Affects the Biological Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials
The Influence of Size of Nanomaterials on Biological Effects
Other Physicochemical Factors Affecting Biological Effects of Nanomaterials
References
6 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
Overview
Nanosized Drug Delivery System
Functional Nanoparticles
Application of Nano-preparations
Definition
Features and Advantages
Specific Behaviors In Vivo
Prolonged Drug Circulation
Targeting Ability
Cellular Uptake
Adsorption
Fusion
Intermembrane Transfer
Contact Release
Endocytosis
Transportation Across Physiologic Barriers
Nanosized Drug Delivery System
Liposomes
Membrane Material
Neutral Phospholipids
Negatively Charged Phospholipids
Positively Charged Lipids
Cholesterol
Preparation
Thin Film Dispersion Method
Film Extrusion Method
French Squeeze Method
Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
Chemical Gradient Method
Other Preparation Methods
Quality Evaluation
Encapsulation Efficiency and Drug Loading
Shape and Particle Size
Leakage Rate
Degree of Oxidation of Phospholipids
Recent Progress
Micelles
Carrier Material
Preparation and Drug Loading Methods
Preparation
Direct Dissolution Method
Dialysis
Self-Assembly Solvent Volatilization Method
Drug Loading Method
Physical Methods
Chemical Combination Method
Electrostatic Effect
Quality Evaluation
Application and Examples
Nanoparticles
Carrier Material
Preparation of Drug Nanocrystals
Precipitation
Milling
High-Pressure Homogenization
Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation
Emulsion-Solvent Diffusion
Preparation of Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles
Emulsion Polymerization Method
Condensation Method
Dispersion Method
Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Method
Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method
Supercritical Fluid Rapid Expansion Method
Supercritical Anti-Solvent Method
Modification of Nanoparticles
Quality Evaluation
Morphology and Particle Size Distribution
Redispersibility
Encapsulation Rate and Leakage Rate
Burst Effect
Residual Organic Solvents
Other Checks
Application
Antitumor Drugs
Anti-Infective Drugs
Peptide Protein Drugs
Ophthalmic Drugs
For Gene Delivery
For Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Example-Abraxane
Dendrimer
Synthesis Method
Divergent Approach
Convergent Approach
Types
PAMAM Dendrimer
PPI Dendrimer
PLL Dendrimer
Toxicity
Application
Bioconjugate
Definition, Structural Characteristics, and Advantages
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC)
PEGylated Drug
Preparation Methods
ADCs
PEGylated Proteins
Research Progress
Nanocrystal
Definition, Structural Characteristics, and Advantages
Preparation Methods
Top-Down Preparation Methods
Bottom-Up Preparation Methods
Characterization and Examination of Indicators
Research Progress
Biomimetic Nanoformulations
Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoformulations
Preparation Methods
Characterization and Examination of Indicators
Exosomes
Preparation Methods
Extraction and Isolation of Exosomes
The Loading of Drugs
Characterization and Examination of Indicators
Research Progress
Inorganic Nanomaterial Formulations
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Preparation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanomaterials
Iron Nanomaterials
Preparation of Iron Nanomaterials
Other Inorganic Nanomaterials (Gold, Manganese, Calcium)
Manganese Nanomaterials
Calcium Nanomaterials
Gold Nanomaterials
Research Progress
Nanocapsule and Nanoemulsion
Nanocapsule
Nanoemulsion
Research Progress
Functional Nanoparticles
Targeting Preparation
Definition
Classification
Classified by Targeting Delivery Strategy
Classified by Targeted Delivery Mechanism
Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nano-Preparations
pH-Responsive Nano-Preparations
ROS-Responsive Nano-Preparations
GSH-Responsive Nano-Preparations
Enzyme-Responsive Nano-Preparations
ATP-Responsive Nano-Preparations
Hypoxic Responsive Nano-Preparations
Temperature-Sensitive Nano-Preparations
Magnetic Field Responsive Nano-Preparations
Dual or Multiple Responsive Nano-Preparations
Gene Drug Delivery System
Virus-Mediated Gene Delivery Systems
Retroviral Vector
Adenovirus (AV) Vector
Adenovirus-Associated Virus (AAV) Vector
Nonviral-Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery Systems
Naked DNA
Organic Carrier
Cationic Liposome
Cationic Polymers
Polyethyleneimine and Its Derivatives
Poly L-Lysine (PLL)
Dendrimer and Its Derivatives
Chitosan and Its Derivative
Cyclodextrin and Its Derivatives
Others
Inorganic Carrier
Gold Nanoparticles
Quantum Dots
Carbon Nanotubes
Application of Nano-Preparations
Cancer
State-of-the-Art
Advantages of Nano-Preparations in Cancer Treatment
The Application of Nano-Preparations Against Tumors
Clinical Applications
Brain Diseases
State-of-the-Art
The Application of Nano-Preparations Against Brain Diseases
Other Routes of Drug Delivery
Oral Administration
Transdermal Administration
The Future
References
7 Medical Nanozymes for Therapeutics
Introduction
Classes of Medical Nanozymes
Redox Nanozymes
Producing ROS
Eliminating ROS
Hydrolytic Nanozymes
Bio-Orthogonal Nanozymes
Bio-Orthogonal Coupling Nanozymes
Bio-Orthogonal Uncaging Nanozymes
Multienzyme-like Nanozymes
Mimicking Two Types of Enzymes
Mimicking Three Types of Enzymes
Applications of Medical Nanozymes
Anticancer Therapy
Antibacterial Therapy
Antioxidant Therapy
Neuroprotection
Anti-Inflammation Therapy
Anti-Acute Injury Therapy
Antiviral Therapy
Antidiabetic Therapy
Conclusions and Perspective
References
8 Biomedical Microelectromechanical System for Molecular, Cellular, and Organ Study
Introduction
Fabrication Techniques to Biomedical MEMS Devices
Design of Biomedical MEMS Devices
Materials for Biomedical MEMS Devices
Fabrication Techniques
Photomask and Photolithography
Sputtering and Deposition
Dry and Wet Etching
Post-Packaging
Application of Biomedical MEMS Devices
Biomedical MEMS Devices for Molecular Detection
Molecular Detection in Tear
Molecular Detection in Saliva
Molecular Detection in Sweat
Biomedical MEMS Devices for Cell and Organ Detection
Biomedical MEMS Devices for Cell Analysis
Biomedical MEMS Devices for Mimicking Organs
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
9 Metal Coordination Nanomedicine
Introduction
Function of Metals
Classification of Ligands
Rigid Ligands
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Flexible Ligands
Metal-Phenolic Networks (MPNs)
DNA Hybrid Nanospheres
Coordination Synthesis
Self-Assembly
Template-Based Assembly
Nanocoating
Hydrogel
Nanomedicine Applications
Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy and CDT
Radiotherapy
PTT and PDT
Immunotherapy
Imaging
Wound Healing
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Major Branches of Nanomedicine
10 Anti-cancer Nanotechnology
Introduction
Anti-cancer Nanotechnology
Nanocarriers for Anti-cancer Therapy
Drug Delivery System
Nucleic Acid Delivery System
Protein Delivery System
Co-Delivery System
Tumor Therapy Based on Functional Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials Mediated Photothermal Therapy
Noble Metal Nanomaterials
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
Conductive Organic Polymers
Nanomaterials Mediated Chemodynamic Therapy
Iron-Containing Nanomaterials
Other Metal-Based Inorganic Nanomaterials
Metal-Organic Framework Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Nanomaterials Mediated Other Therapies
Starvation Therapy
Gas Therapy
Composite Nanomaterials for Synergistic Anti-cancer Therapy
Nanomaterials Mediated Bimodal Therapy
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Photothermal Therapy and Chemotherapy
Photothermal Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Photothermal Therapy and Chemodynamic Therapy
Nanomaterials Mediated Multimodal Therapy
Drug Delivery + Photothermal Therapy + Chemotherapy
Drug Delivery + Photothermal Therapy + Photodynamic Therapy
References
11 Cardiovascular Nanotechnology
Introduction
Nanotechnology for the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases
Nanomaterials for Molecular Imaging
Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Ultrasound (US) Imaging
Multimodal Imaging Diagnosis
Nanotechnology for Biosensing Detection
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
Molecular Imprinting Technology
Quantum Dots
Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery in Cardiovascular Diseases
Nanocarriers Based on Synthetic Materials
Polymeric Nanocarriers
Lipid Nanocarriers
Biomimetic Nanocarriers
Engineered Cell/Cell Membrane Nanocarriers
Extracellular Vesicles
Nanomaterials for Integrated Diagnosis and Treatment
Nanotechnology for Vascular Repair/Remodeling
Implantable Vascular Stent
Metal Stents
Biodegradable Stents
Vascular Tissue Engineering Materials
Conclusion
Cross-References
Reference
12 Nano-bio Interactions in the Lung
Introduction
Nanoparticle Transportation in the Respiratory System
Particle Deposition in the Lung
Clearance Mechanism
Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles
Alveolar-Capillary Barrier
Translocation of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle Interaction with the Pulmonary Surfactant
Pulmonary Surfactant
Nano-Bio Interaction at the Surface of Pulmonary Surfactant Film
Pulmonary Surfactant Biomolecular Corona
Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles in Inhaled Medicine
Topical Drug Delivery to the Lung
Treatment of Lung Cancer
Treatments of Pneumonia, Cystic Fibrosis, and Tuberculosis
Treatment of Acute Lung Injury
Systemic Drug Delivery Via the Lung
Nanoparticles As Diagnostic Tools
Health Hazards of Inhaled Nanoparticles: Nanotoxicology
Effect on the Pulmonary Surfactant
Effect on Alveolar Epithelial Cells: Cytotoxicity
Effect on the Immune System: Immunotoxicity
Conclusions
References
13 Orthopedical Nanotechnology
Introduction
Classification of Orthopedic Nanomaterials
Metallic Nanotechnology-Based Biomaterials
Metals and Their Alloys
Nano-metallic Biomaterials
Nonmetallic Nanotechnology-Based Biomaterials
Biomedical Application of Orthopedic Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology-Based Orthopedic Scaffolds
Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System
Nanotechnology-Based Surface Modifications
Nanotechnology-Based Orthopedic Oncology Diagnosis
Conclusion
References
14 Microbiological Nanotechnology
Introduction
VNPs Production
Virions and Virus Capsids
VLPs Production and Assembly
Engineering Virus-Based Scaffolds
Genetic Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Infusion
Self-Assembly
Mineralization
Fluorescent Labeling of Viruses
Fluorescent Labels
Strategies for Labeling Viruses
Applications of Virus-Based Particles
Biological Medicine
Imaging
Optical Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET and CT Imaging
Drug Delivery
VLP Theranostic Platforms
Vaccines
Gene Delivery
Tissue Engineering
Virus Tracking and Detecting
Single Virus Tracking
Supersensitive Virus Detection
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
15 Nanotechnology for Personalized Medicine
Introduction
Tools Used in Personalized Medicine
Genomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine
Therapeutics for Personalized Medicine
Targeted Nanotherapeutics in Cancer
Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy
Smart Nanotherapeutics
Nanotechnology for Combinatorial Therapy
Nanotherapeutics in Other Diseases
Nanostructures in Personalized Medicine
Passive Nanofluidic Systems
Active Nanofluidic Systems
Diagnostics for Personalized Medicine
Types of Diagnostic Sensors
Lab on a Chip
Point of Care
Nanomaterials in Diagnostic Sensing Applications
Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Nanowires
Carbon Nanotubes
Quantum Dots
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Graphene
Imaging for Personalized Medicine
Diagnostic Imaging
Optical Imaging
MRI
X-Ray Imaging
Photoacoustic Imaging or Optoacoustic Imaging
Theranostic
Outlook and Conclusion
References
16 Regenerative Nanotechnology: Engineered Surfaces for Stem Cell Production
Introduction
A Strategy to Efficiently Expand Stem Cells
Growth Factor Tethering
Growth Factor Design by Genetic Engineering
His-Mediated Tethering
Growth Factor-Tethered Surfaces for NSC Culture
Spontaneous Dimerization of Tethered EGF
Expansion of Human NSCs
Cell Culture Modules
Growth Factor-Tethered Surfaces for MSC Culture
In Situ Activation of Tethered Growth Factor
Naturally Occurring Polypeptides As an Adaptor
Polymer-Binding Peptides
Conclusion
References
17 Nanotechnology for Manipulating Cell Plasticity
Introduction
Nanotechnology Applications for Manipulating Cell Plasticity in Various Tissues and Organs
Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment
Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
T Cells
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Skin Tissue and Wound Repair
Skin Dermal Fibroblasts
Vascular Endothelial Cells
Skin Stem Cells
Adipose Tissue
Adipocytes
Vascular Endothelial Cells
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs)
Nervous System
Neurons
Neuronal Stem Cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Macrophages and Microglia
Neuronal Fibroblasts
Bone
Osteoblast
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
18 Central Nervous System Nanotechnology
Introduction
Central Nervous System
Optogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Light-Sensitive Ion Channels
Light-Responsive Nanomaterials
Optogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Magnetogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Thermosensitive and Mechanosensitive Ion Channels
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetothermal and Magnetomechanical Neuromodulation
Electrical Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Electrical Nanomaterials in Neuromodulation
Electrical Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Sonogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Ion Channels in Sonogenetic Neuromodulation
Sonogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Chemogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnology
Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs
Chemogenetic Neuromodulation Nanotechnologies
Summary and Outlook
Summary
Outlook
References
19 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Peripheral Nerve Repair and Reconstruction
Introduction
Nanofibers
Electrospinning
Biomaterials for Electrospinning
Natural Materials
Synthetic Polymers
Combine Use of Natural and Synthetic Polymers
Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering
Surface Morphology
Conductive Nanofibers
Design of Electrospinning Nanofiber NGC
Optimization Strategy of Electrospinning Neural Scaffolds
Electrospinning Nanofibers Combined with Growth Factors to Repair Peripheral Nerve Defects
Electrospinning Nanofibers Combined with Seed Cells to Repair Peripheral Nerve Defects
Electrospinning Nanofibers Combined with Drugs to Repair Peripheral Nerve Defects
Future Perspectives
Nanoparticle
Types of Nanoparticles
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Nonpolymeric Particles
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Therapeutic Strategies of Nanoparticles in Peripheral Nerve Injury
Nanoparticles Serve as a Delivery System for the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Nanoparticles as Additives for Neural Scaffolds
As a Specific Imaging Agent to Monitor the Repair Process of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Limitations and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
Conclusion and Future Trends
References
20 Skin Involved Nanotechnology
Analysis of Research Trends in the Past 5 Years
Nanotechnologies in Skin Care
Sun Protection
Antioxidation
Antiaging
Metal-Based Nanoparticles
Lipid-Based Nanocarriers
Nanotechnologies in Skin Wound Healing
Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Healing
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Scaffolds
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Therapeutic Agent Delivery
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Cell Therapy
Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Skin Tissue Replacement Therapy
Nanoparticles for Wound Healing
Emulsion Nanoparticles
Liposome Nanoparticles
Exosome Nanoparticles
Integrated System for Wound Healing
Nanotechnologies in Tissue Engineering Skin
Conclusion
References
21 Nanomedicine for Ocular Drug Delivery
Introduction
Anatomy of the Eye
Anterior Segment
Cornea
Conjunctiva
Iris
Lens
Ciliary Body
Aqueous Humor
Posterior Segment
Vitreous Humor
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Physical Barriers for Ocular Drug Delivery
Tear Film
Corneal Barrier
Conjunctival Barrier
Blood-Aqueous Barrier
Blood-Retinal Barrier
Nanomedicine for Treating Ocular Diseases
Routes for Ocular Drug Delivery
Topical Administration
Systemic Administration
Intravitreal Administration
Transscleral Administration
Nanomedicine Formulations
Nanomicelle
Liposome
Nanoparticle
Dendrimer
Nanogel
Treatments of Anterior Segment Eye Diseases
Dry Eye Disease
Cataract
Treatments of Posterior Segment Eye Diseases
Glaucoma
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy
Ocular Nanotoxicology
Impact on the Ocular Surface
Impact on the Lens
Impact on the Retina
Conclusion
References
Part V: The Prospect for Nanomedicine
22 Ethics of Nanomedicine
Regulation of Nanomedicine
Regulatory Bodies and Terms
Regulatory Policies
Risk Assessment of Nanomedicine
Human Health Risk Assessment
Environment Risk Assessment
Research and Development Ethics of Nanomedicine
Research and Manufacturing Safety
Research Integrity
Public Perception of Nanomedicine
Public Acceptability
Public Concerns and Measures
References
23 Environmental Health and Safety of Engineered Nanomaterials
Introduction of Nano-EHS
Predictive Toxicology and High Throughput Screening Approaches for Nano-EHS
Environmental Transformation and Ecotoxicology
The Biotransformation of Graphene Oxide in the Lung Fluid Alters Its Intrinsic Property and Bioactivity to Immune Cells
Rare Earth Oxide Nanoparticles Promote Antibiotic Resistance of Soil Microorganisms by Enhancing Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Divergent Effects of Micron and Nanoscale III-V Particles and Ion Species on the Intestinal Tract of Zebrafish
Organ-Specific and Size-Relevant Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles in Gills and Intestines of Adult Zebrafish
Environmental Impacts of Fragments Released from Nano-Enabled Products: A Multi-Assay, Multi-Material Exploration by the SUN A...
Established Structure-Activity Relationships and Adverse Outcome Pathways
Major Role of Dissolution in the Toxicity Induced by Ag, ZnO, CuO, and V2O5
Bandgap Energy in Determining Transition Metal Oxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity
High Aspect Ratio Materials Incurred NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Carbon Nanotubes
AlOOH Nanorods
Nanocellulose
Surface Charge of ENMs
Biotransformation for Rare Earth Oxides Triggered NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Surface Silanol Groups for SiO2
Lateral Size and Surface Reactivity for Graphene Oxide in Dictating Toxicity
Crystallographic Facets of Metal-Based Nanomaterials
Nano-EHS Enlightens Safer-by-Design for ENMs
Doping Metal Oxide to Reduce Toxicity
Surface Coating or Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Phosphonate Coating for Metal Oxides
Surface Functionalization for Graphene Oxide
Surface Passivation for PbS Facet Nanocrystals
Band Edge Regulation for Metal Oxide NPs
Electron Compensation Effect for Au-Ag Core-Shell Nanomaterials
Nano-EHS Facilitates the Development of Nanomedicines
Use of High Aspect Ratio Materials for Adjuvant Effects
Graphene Oxide Disruption on Membrane for Antibiotic Resistance
Polyethyleneimine Coating Allows Safe Delivery of siRNA and DNA Constructs
Graphene Oxide Disruption of Plasma Membrane for Cancer Therapy
Conclusions and Perspectives
Cross-References
References
24 The Future of Nanomedicine
Introduction
The Successes of Nanomedicine in Clinic
Trends of Nanomedicine in the Management of Life-Threatening Diseases
Cancer Therapy
Infectious Disease Prevention and Therapy
Coping with Chronic Conditions by Nanomedicine
Dental Nanomedicine
Orthopedic Nanomedicine
Metabolic Diseases
Desired Features for Future Nanomedicine
Intelligence
Multifunctionality
Personalized and Precision Therapy
Challenges
Safety
Scale-up and Cost
Regulation Issues
Conclusions
References
Index