Nanomaterials in Healthcare

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Reviewers
Editors
Contributors
1. Introduction to Nanomaterials and Their Scope in Drug Delivery
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Types of Nanoparticles
1.2.1. Metallic Nanoparticles
1.2.2. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
1.2.3. Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
1.2.4. Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
1.2.5. Silica-Based Nanoparticles
1.3. Application of Nanoparticles
1.3.1. Antibacterial
1.3.2. Cancer
1.3.3. Neurodegenerative
1.3.4. Infectious Disease
1.3.5. Immunotherapy
1.4. Nanoparticles Toxicity
1.4.1. Metallic-Based Nanoparticles
1.4.2. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
1.4.3. Silica-Based Nanoparticles
1.4.4. Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
1.4.5. Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
1.5. Prospects and Challenges
References
2. Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine: A Clinical Perspective
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. History of Nanomedicine
2.1.2. Advantages of Nanomaterials in Clinical Medicine
2.1.3. Disadvantages of Nanomaterials in Clinical Medicine
2.1.4. Latest Trends in Nanomedicine
2.2. Nanomaterials Used in Communicable Diseases
2.2.1. Tuberculosis
2.2.2. HIV/AIDS
2.2.3. Influenza
2.3. Nanomaterials Used in Non-Communicable Diseases
2.3.1. Cardiovascular Diseases
2.3.2. Diabetes
2.3.3. Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.3.4. Autoimmune Disorders
2.4. Nanomaterials Used in Cancer
2.5. Nanomaterials for Imaging, Screening, and Diagnosis
2.6. Tackling COVID-19 Using Nanotechnology
2.7. Nanomedicine and Associative Technologies
2.7.1. Additive Manufacturing
2.7.2. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Bioinformatics
2.7.3. Robotics, Automation, and IoT
2.8. Ethical Concerns about Nanomedicines
2.9. Clinical Trials and Approvals of Nanomedicine
2.10. Conclusion
References
3. Advancement of Polymer-Based Nanocarrier System in Drug Delivery
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Types of Polymer-Based Nanocarriers
3.2.1. Classification of Polymer Nanocarriers Based on Affinity to Water
3.2.1.1. Hydrophilic
3.2.1.2. Hydrophobic
3.2.1.3. Amphiphilic
3.2.2. Classification of Polymer Nanocarriers Based on Source
3.2.2.1. Natural
3.2.2.2. Synthetic
3.2.3. Classification of Polymer Nanocarriers Based on Charge
3.2.3.1. Cationic
3.2.3.2. Anionic
3.2.3.3. Charge reversible polymers
3.3. Application of Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
3.3.1. Oral Drug Delivery
3.3.2. Vaginal Drug Delivery
3.3.3. For Cancer Therapy
3.3.4. Ocular Delivery
3.4. Conclusion and Future Prospect
References
4. Liposomes and Lipid Structures: Classification, Characterization, and Nanotechnology-Based Clinical Applications
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Need for Liposomes
4.3. Evolution through Advancements
4.3.1. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
4.3.2. Nano Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
4.4. Conventional Methods for Liposome Preparation
4.4.1. Film-Hydration Method
4.4.2. Double-Emulsification Method
4.4.3. Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
4.4.4. Solvent Injection Method
4.4.5. Detergent Dialysis Method
4.5. Novel Methods for Liposome Preparation
4.5.1. Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Technology
4.5.2. Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation Techniques (DAC)
4.5.3. Membrane Contactor Technology
4.5.4. Microfluidic Technique
4.6. Characterization of Liposomes
4.6.1. Morphological Characterization
4.6.2. Stability Study
4.6.3. Encapsulation Efficiency
4.6.4. In Vitro Drug Release
4.6.5. Freeze-Drying
4.6.6. Miscellaneous Methods
4.7. Liposomes for Treatment of Various Diseases
4.7.1. Cancer
4.7.2. Reproductive Organs
4.7.3. Developmental Disorders
4.7.4. Arthritis and Bone Abnormalities
4.7.5. Wound Healing
4.7.6. Antimicrobial Diseases
4.7.7. Nervous System Disorders
4.8. Clinical Applications of Liposomes Concerning Nanotechnology
4.9. Future Prospective
4.10. Conclusion
References
5. Functionalized Carbon-Based Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Types and Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
5.2.1. Fullerenes
5.2.1.1. Structural dimension
5.2.1.2. Physical property
5.2.1.3. Mechanical property
5.2.1.4. Electrical property
5.2.1.5. Thermal property
5.2.1.6. Optical property
5.2.1.7. Chemical property
5.2.2. Carbon Nanotubes
5.2.2.1. Structural dimension
5.2.2.2. Physical property
5.2.2.3. Mechanical property
5.2.2.4. Electrical property
5.2.2.5. Thermal property
5.2.2.6. Optical property
5.2.2.7. Chemical property
5.2.3. Graphene and Its Derivatives
5.2.3.1. Structural dimension
5.2.3.2. Physical property
5.2.3.3. Mechanical property
5.2.3.4. Electrical property
5.2.3.5. Thermal property
5.2.3.6. Optical property
5.2.3.7. Chemical property
5.2.4. Nanodiamond
5.2.4.1. Structural dimension
5.2.4.2. Physical property
5.2.4.3. Mechanical property
5.2.4.4. Electrical property
5.2.4.5. Thermal property
5.2.4.6. Optical property
5.2.4.7. Chemical property
5.2.5. Carbon Dots
5.2.5.1. Structural dimension
5.2.5.2. Physical property
5.2.5.3. Mechanical property
5.2.5.4. Electrical property
5.2.5.5. Thermal property
5.2.5.6. Optical property
5.2.5.7. Chemical property
5.3. Synthesis of Functionalized Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
5.3.1. Synthesis
5.3.2. Exohedral Functionalization
5.3.2.1. Covalent functionalization
5.3.2.2. Non-covalent functionalization
5.3.3. Endohedral Functionalization
5.4. Risk-Assessment of Functionalized Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
5.5. Application of Functionalized CBNs
5.5.1. Biosensors
5.5.2. Drug Delivery
5.5.3. Therapy
5.5.3.1. Role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
5.5.3.2. Role as free radical scavengers
5.5.3.3. Role as an antimicrobial
5.5.3.4. Role in cancer therapy
5.6. Future Prospects and Challenges
References
6. Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles: Challenges and Prospects
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
6.2.1. Physical Method
6.2.2. Chemical Method
6.2.3. Biological Synthesis Method
6.3. Properties and Application
6.3.1. Characteristics of Magnetic Particles
6.3.1.1. Particle size
6.3.1.2. Particle density
6.3.1.3. Particle shape
6.3.1.4. Magnetic property
6.3.2. Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.3.2.1. Hyperthermia
6.3.2.2. Photothermal therapy
6.3.2.3. Drug delivery
6.3.2.4. Infection treatments
6.3.2.5. Magnetic resonance imaging
6.4. Conclusion
References
7. Nano Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Promising Candidate for Biomedical Applications
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Synthesis of NMOFs
7.2.1. Solvothermal Synthesis
7.2.2. Microemulsion Synthesis
7.2.3. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
7.2.4. Ultrasound/Sonochemical Synthesis
7.2.5. Electrochemical Synthesis
7.2.6. Mechanochemical Synthesis
7.3. Biofunctionalization of NMOFs
7.4. NMOFs for Drug Delivery and Targeted Tumor Therapy
7.4.1. pH-Responsive Drug Delivery
7.4.2. Temperature-Responsive Drug Delivery
7.4.3. Ion-Responsive Drug Delivery
7.4.4. ATP-Responsive Drug Delivery
7.4.5. Redox-Responsive Drug Delivery
7.5. NMOFs for Bio-Imaging
7.6. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
8. Porous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted Bio-Imaging and Drug Delivery Applications
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Strategies for Functionalization of Silica Hybrid Nanocarriers
8.3. Drug Delivery Applications of Silica Nanohybrid
8.3.1. Silica Polymer Nanohybrid for Drug Delivery
8.3.2. Silica Nucleic Acid Nanohybrid for Drug Delivery
8.4. Silica Protein Nanohybrid for Drug Delivery
8.5. Silica Peptide Nanohybrid for Drug Delivery
8.6. Silica Quantum Dot for Drug Delivery
8.7. Silica Magnetic Nanohybrids for Drug Delivery
8.8. Clinical Trials for Silica-Based Nanoformulations
8.9. Conclusion
References
9. Recent Advancement of Multifunctional ZnO Quantum Dots in the Biomedicine Field
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Structure, Properties, and Fabrication Methodologies
9.2.1. Importance of Structure-Property Synergism of ZnO QDs
9.2.1.1. Optical characteristics
9.2.1.2. Physiochemical properties and surface chemistry
9.2.1.3. Biological features
9.2.2. Synthesis Routes: Trade-Offs and Accomplishments
9.2.2.1. Wet-chemical approaches (hydrothermal, sol-gel, microwave-assisted synthesis, continuous flow synthesis)
9.2.2.2. Bio-synthesis: Green and sustainable synthetic scheme
9.3. Advancements of ZnO QDs in Biomedical Domains
9.3.1. Targeted Drug Delivery and Point-of-Care Diagnostics
9.3.2. Treatment of ROS-Mediated Disorders
9.3.3. Wound Healing and Engineered Tissue Regeneration
9.3.4. ZnO QDs with Anti-Microbial Potential
9.3.5. Sensing and Imaging Applications in Biology
9.3.6. Cancer Theranostics
9.4. Future Prospects and Challenges
References
10. Relevant Properties of Metallic and Non-Metallic Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Structural Engineering of Nanoparticles
10.2.1. Size of Nanoparticles
10.2.2. Shape of Nanoparticles
10.2.3. Surface of Nanoparticles
10.2.4. Structural Tuning for Biomedical Applications
10.2.4.1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
10.2.4.2. Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS)
10.3. Ceramic Biomaterials
10.3.1. Hydroxyapatites as Biomaterials
10.3.2. The Surface Features of Hydroxyapatites
10.3.3. The Effect of the Surface Structure of Hydroxyapatites on the Adsorbed Proteins Structure
10.3.4. Luminescent Lanthanide Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanomaterials
10.3.5. Silica-Based Nanomaterials
10.3.6. Silica Surface Structure
10.3.7. Silica in the Drug Delivery Field
10.4. Overview
References
11. Exosomes and Their Theragnostic Applications in Healthcare
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Sources for Exosome Isolation
11.3. Mechanism of Exosome Biogenesis
11.4. Structure, Composition, and Function of Exosomes
11.5. Exosomes for Theragnostic Applications
11.5.1. Native Exosomes for Theragnostic Applications
11.5.2. Engineered Exosomes for Theragnostic Applications
11.6. Absorption and Distribution of Exosome-Based Theragnostic System
11.7. Challenges Related to Exosomes for Theragnostic Application
11.8. Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
12. Nanogels for Theranostic Applications in Healthcare
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Applications of Nanogels
12.2.1. Nanogels for Targeted Drug Delivery
12.2.1.1. Active targeting
12.2.1.2. Passive targeting
12.2.2. Nanogels for Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
12.2.2.1. Temperature-responsive nanogels
12.2.2.2. pH-responsive nanogels
12.2.2.3. Light-responsive nanogels
12.2.2.4. Magnetic-responsive nanogels
12.2.3. Nanogels for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
12.2.4. Nanogel for Gene Delivery
12.2.5. Nanogels for Brain Drug Delivery
12.2.6. Nanogels in Diagnosis and Imaging
12.3. Challenges and Future Perspective
12.4. Summary and Conclusion
References
13. Theranostic Application of Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Nanofiber-Based Scaffold for Drug Delivery
13.3. Nanofiber-Based Stem Cell Therapy and Labeling
13.4. Nanofiber-Based Scaffold Construction and Modification
13.5. Multifunctional and Smart Nanofiber-Based Scaffolds
13.6. Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
14. Role of Nanomaterials in Biosensing Applications
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Biosensors: An Overview
14.3. Nanomaterials - Characteristic Features for Biosensing Applications
14.4. Nanomaterials-Based Biosensing for In-Vitro Diagnostics
14.4.1. Metal Nanoparticles
14.4.2. Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
14.4.3. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
14.4.4. Nanocomposites
14.5. Challenges and Future Prospects
14.6. Conclusion
References
15. Application of Two-Dimensional Materials for Cancer Theranostic
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
15.3. Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
15.4. Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
15.4.1. Graphene and Its Derivative
15.4.2. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)
15.4.2.1. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
15.4.2.2. Tungsten disulfide (WS2)
15.4.2.3. MXenes
15.4.2.4. Xenes
15.4.3. Black Phosphorus (BP)
15.4.4. Boron Nitride (BN)
15.4.5. Metal Oxide Nanosheets
15.4.5.1. Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
15.4.5.2. Molybdenum oxide (MoOx)
15.4.5.3. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
15.4.5.4. Iron oxide (IO)
15.4.6. Layered Hydroxides (LDH)
15.4.7. Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
15.5. Conclusion
References
16. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Towards Emerging Cancer Nanomedicine
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Characteristics
16.3. Methods of Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Cancer Nanomedicine
16.3.1. High Shear Homogenization
16.3.1.1. Hot homogenization
16.3.1.2. Cold homogenization
16.3.2. Solvent Emulsification Technique
16.3.3. Ultrasonication or High-Speed Homogenization
16.3.4. Double Emulsion Method
16.3.5. Spray Drying Method
16.3.6. Supercritical Fluid
16.3.7. Microemulsion-Based SLNs' Preparation
16.4. Routes of SLNs' Delivery
16.4.1. Transdermal/Topical
16.4.2. Oral
16.4.3. Parenteral
16.4.4. Pulmonary
16.4.5. Brain
16.5. Toxicology and Clearance
16.6. Applications
16.6.1. Breast Cancer
16.6.2. Lung Cancer
16.2.3. Colon Cancer
16.7. Conclusion
References
17. Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
17.3. Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapeutic Application
17.3.1. Gold Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Nucleic Acid Delivery
17.3.2. Photodynamic Therapy
17.3.3. Photothermal Therapy
17.3.4. Gold Nanoparticle-Based Combined Cancer Therapy
17.4. Application of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis
17.4.1. Bio-Imaging
17.4.1.1. Computed tomography (CT)
17.4.1.2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
17.4.1.3. Nuclear imaging
17.4.1.4. Fluorescence imaging (FI)
17.4.1.5. Photoacoustic imaging (PA)
17.4.2. Biosensing
17.5. Gold Nanoparticles as Theragnostic Agents
17.6. Clinical Status of Gold Nanoparticle Formulations
17.7. Safety Concerns and Challenges for Application of Gold Nanoparticle in Healthcare
17.8. Conclusion
References
18. Peptide-Based Nanoparticles for Theragnostic Application in Cancer Treatment
18.1. Introduction
18.1.1. Self-assembly of Peptide
18.1.2. Targeting Peptides
18.2. Peptide-Based NPs in Cancer Therapeutics
18.2.1. Peptide-Based NPs for Gene Delivery/Cytotoxic Drug
18.2.2. Peptidomimetics with Chemotherapy
18.2.2.1. Peptide hormones-based drug conjugates
18.2.2.2. Peptide-based NPs vaccines for immunotherapy
18.3. Peptide-Based NPs in Cancer Theragnostics
18.3.1. Targeting Peptides
18.3.2. Environment Responsive Peptides
18.3.3. Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs)
18.3.4. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PPRT)
18.4. Peptide-Based Nanoparticles
18.5. Cell-penetrating Particles
18.6. CPPs: Protein Delivery in Cancer
18.7. Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
19. Biomimetic Nanovesicles for Targeted Imaging and Therapeutic of Solid Tumor: Safe Nanomedicines
19.1. Cell-Inspired Systems
19.1.1. Exosomes
19.1.2. Cell-Derived Nanovesicles
19.2. Lipid-Based Systems
19.2.1. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
19.2.2. Coordination Micelles
19.2.3. Filomicelles
19.3. Bacteria-Inspired Systems
19.3.1. Cellular Ghost
19.3.2. Microbots
19.3.3. Recombinant Bacteria
19.4. Hydrogel-Based Systems
19.4.1. Alginate-Based Hydrogel
19.4.2. Interpenetrating and Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Hydrogels
19.4.3. Imprinted Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) Hydrogels
19.5. Virus-Inspired Systems
19.5.1. Viral Gene Vectors
19.5.2. Virus-Like Particles
19.5.3. Virosomes
19.6. Mammalian Cell-Based Systems
19.6.1. RBC
19.6.2. Stem Cells
19.6.3. Platelets
19.6.4. Macrophages
19.6.5. Lymphocytes
19.7. Application in Cancer Therapy
19.8. Biological Effects and Toxicity of Biomimetic Nanovesicles
19.9. Conclusions
19.10. Limitations and Future Research
References
Index