Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Advancement of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Various Water Treatment Techniques Using Nanomaterials
1.3 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Water Treatment
1.4 Applications of Boron Nitride, Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and Zeolites in Water Treatment
1.5 Applications of Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials in Water Treatment
1.6 Applications of Metals and Metal Oxides/Sulfides/Selenides Nanoparticles/Quantum Dots in Water Treatment
1.7 Applications of Clays and Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanoparticles in Water Treatment
1.8 Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites in Water Treatment
1.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
Chapter 2: Enhancement in Degradation of Antibiotics Using Photocatalytic Semiconductors under Visible Light Irradiation: A Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Mechanism of Degradation of Antibiotics by Visible Light-Active Photocatalysts
2.3 Advancements in Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics
2.3.1 Doping Visible Light-Active Semiconductors with Metals and Non-Metals
2.3.2 Heterojunction Formation
2.3.3 Using Visible Light-Active Photocatalysts
2.3.4 Modification of Interface Using Co-Catalysts
2.3.5 Creation of Oxygen Vacancies
2.3.6 SPR-Enhanced Photocatalysts
2.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Current Scenario
Future Challenges
References
Chapter 3: Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts for Organic Pollutant Degradation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pure g-C 3 N 4
3.2.1 Electronic Structure of g-C 3 N 4
3.2.2 Photocatalytic Applications of g-C 3 N 4
3.2.3 Modified g-C 3 N 4 and Its Derivatives
3.3 g-C 3 N 4 -Based Nanocomposites
3.3.1 Synthesis and Different Types of g-C 3 N 4 -Based Nanocomposites
3.3.2 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic Degradation Reaction
3.4 g-C 3 N 4 -based Composites for Degradation Reactions
3.4.1 Type II Heterojunction
3.4.2 Z-Scheme Heterojunction
3.4.3 Effect of Environmental Parameters
3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4: 2D Materials for Wastewater Treatments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Water Purification
4.2.1 Graphene
4.2.2 Graphene Oxide
4.3 MXenes
4.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
4.5 Materials for Photocatalytic Water Treatment
4.5.1 Antibacterial Action of Graphene Family Nanomaterials
4.5.2 Photocatalytic Degradation and Disinfection
4.5.3 Graphene and g -C 3 N 4
4.5.4 Iron Oxide
4.5.5 Manganese Oxide
4.5.6 Metal Oxyhalides
4.5.7 Boron Nitride Nanosheets
4.6 Future Advances
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: TiO 2 -Based Nanomaterial for Pollutant Removal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 TiO 2 Photocatalyst
5.3 Electronic Process in TiO 2 and Photocatalysis Mechanism
5.4 Modifications of TiO 2 Photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Water Pollutants
5.4.1 Doping
5.4.2 Doping with Metals
5.4.3 Non-Metal Doping
5.4.4 Surface Chemical Modifications
5.4.5 Combined Effect of Doping and Coupling
5.5 Factors Affecting Pollutant Removal by Photocatalysis
5.5.1 pH of the Reaction Medium
5.5.2 Crystal Phase
5.5.3 Percentage of (001) Facets of Anatase Phase
5.5.4 Oxygen Concentration
5.5.5 Catalyst Loading
5.5.6 Crystal Size/Surface Area of the Catalyst
5.5.7 Reaction Temperature
5.5.8 Amount of Dopant
5.5.9 Calcination Temperature of the Catalyst
5.6 Achieving Selective Photocatalysis in TiO 2 for Pollutant Removal
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Nanomaterials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different Nanoparticle-Based Technologies for Metal Removal
6.2.1 Adsorption
6.2.1.1 Adsorption Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Parameters
6.2.2 Coprecipitation
6.2.3 Membrane Technologies
6.2.4 Removal of Metals by Reduction
6.3 Removal of Different Heavy Metals (Or Metalloids)
6.3.1 Arsenic Removal
6.3.2 Cadmium Removal
6.3.3 Chromium Removal
6.3.4 Lead Removal
6.3.5 Mercury Removal
6.3.6 Copper Removal
6.3.7 Selective Removal of Heavy Metals
6.4 Different Characterization Analysis of Nanoparticles and Removal Mechanism Studies
6.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
6.4.2 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic (SEM and TEM) Analysis
6.4.3 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
6.4.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
6.4.5 Other Characterization Techniques
6.5 Regeneration and Reusability
6.6 Future Scope and Challenges
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Photoactive Polymer for Wastewater Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Water Remediation by Photoactive Polymer-Based Photocatalysts
7.2.1 Origin of Photoactivity on Polymer-Based Photocatalysts System
7.2.2 Removal of Organic Contaminants and Heavy Metals by Polymer Photocatalysts
7.2.3 ROSs Photoproduced by Photoactive Polymers
7.3 Water Disinfection by Photoactive Polymer-Based Photocatalysts
7.4 Combination of Inorganic Semiconductors and Photoactive Polymers
7.5 Photoactive Polymer-Based Membranes
7.6 Conclusions and Future Aspects
References
Chapter 8: Plasmonic Nanomaterials for Remediation of Water and Wastewater
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Decomposition of Chemical Compounds
8.2.1 Degradation of Organic Compounds
8.2.2 Application of Plasmonic Nanomaterials for Inorganic Pollutants
8.3 Decomposition of Microorganisms
8.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Magnetic Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Source of Water Pollution
9.3 Available Techniques for Water Remediation
9.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment
9.4.1 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (ZVI NPs)
9.4.2 Hematite
9.4.3 Magnetite
9.4.4 Maghemite
9.5 Nano-Adsorbents
9.6 Adsorption Method Protocol
9.7 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes
9.8 Various Mechanisms Involved in the Removal of Pollutants
9.9 Magnetic Graphene/GO-Based Composites
9.10 Nickel Based Nanoparticles
9.11 Cobalt-Based Nanoparticles
9.12 Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites
9.13 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Removal of Toxic Organic, Pharmaceutical, and Pesticides Compounds
9.14 Drawbacks of Using Nanomaterials in Water Treatment
9.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Nanofiber Membranes for Wastewater Treatments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fabrication of Nanofiber Membranes
10.3 Recent Applications of Nanofiber Membranes in Treating Various Wastewater
10.3.1 Heavy Metal Adsorption
10.3.2 Oily Wastewater
10.3.3 Dye Degradation
10.3.4 Pharmaceutical Wastewater
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Carbon Nanomaterials for Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs)
11.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
11.2.2 Graphene (GR) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
11.2.3 Fullerene (C60)
11.2.4 Activated Carbon (AC)
11.2.5 Biochar (BC)
11.2.6 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
11.2.7 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3 N 4)
11.3 Photocatalysis Process
11.4 Sonocatalytic Process
11.5 Fenton and Fenton-Like Process
11.6 Electrochemical Process
11.7 Sulfate Radical-Based AOPs (SR-AOPs)
11.8 Hybrid AOPs
11.9 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derived Materials in Water Purification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Components of MOFs and Secondary Building Units (SBUs)
12.2.1 Components
12.2.2 Secondary Building Units
12.3 Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks
12.4 MOF-Derived Materials
12.4.1 Carbonization
12.4.2 Deposition of Metal Nanoparticles
12.4.3 Heterostructured MOFs-Derived Semiconductors Composite
12.5 Strategies for Using MOFs in Wastewater Treatment
12.5.1 Sulfate Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Process
12.5.2 Photocatalysis
12.5.3 Adsorption of Contaminants
12.5.3.1 More on the Mechanisms of Adsorption
12.5.4 MOF-Based Membranes
12.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 13: Photocatalytic Mechanism in Low-Dimensional Chalcogenide Nanomaterials: An Exciton Dynamics Insight
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Metal Chalcogenide Photocatalytic Nanomaterials
13.1.2 Quantum Confinement Effect in Low-Dimensional Chalcogenide Nanomaterials
13.1.3 Photocatalytic Processes in Low-Dimensional Chalcogenide Nanomaterials
13.1.4 Ultrafast Spectroscopy Technique for Exciton Dynamics Study
13.2 Exciton Dynamics in 0D Chalcogenide QDs
13.2.1 Exciton Dissociation Dynamics of CdX QDs
13.2.2 Photocatalytic Mechanisms of CdX QDs
13.3 Exciton Dynamics in 1D Chalcogenide NRs
13.3.1 Electronic Structure of CdX NRs Heterostructures
13.3.2 Exciton Dissociation Dynamics of CdX NRs
13.3.3 Photocatalytic Mechanisms of CdX NRs
13.4 Exciton Dynamics in 2D Chalcogenide NPLs
13.4.1 Electronic Structure of CdX NPLs Heterostructures
13.4.2 Exciton Dissociation Dynamics of CdX NPLs
13.4.3 Photocatalytic Mechanisms of CdS NPLs
13.5 Summary and Perspectives
13.5.1 Summary
13.5.2 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Emerging Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Antibiotic Removal from Water/Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamental Principles of Advanced Oxidation Process
14.3 Emerging Semiconductor Photocatalyst
14.3.1 Titanium Dioxide
14.3.2 Bismuth Vanadate
14.3.3 Tungsten Trioxide
14.3.4 Zinc Oxide
14.3.5 Strontium Titanate
14.4 Progress in Antibiotics Removal
14.4.1 Amoxicillin
14.4.2 Ciprofloxacin
14.4.3 Tetracycline
14.5 Conclusion and Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Index