Nanomaterials for Sustainable Development: Opportunities and Future Perspectives

Contents
Chemical, Physical, and Biogenic Synthesis Methods for Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Top-Down Approach
2.1 Mechanical Milling
2.2 Electrospinning Method
2.3 Sputtering
2.4 Lithography
2.5 Laser Ablation
2.6 The Arc-Discharge Method
3 Bottom-Up Methods
3.1 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods
3.2 The Sol–Gel Method
3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
3.4 Reverse Micelle Method
3.5 Soft and Hard Templating
4 Biogenic Processes
4.1 Bacteria-Assisted Synthesis
4.2 Fungus-Assisted Synthesis
4.3 Plant-Assisted Synthesis
4.4 Algae-Assisted Synthesis
4.5 Yeast-Mediated Synthesis
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Biosensor: Tools and Techniques for Characterization and Analysis
1 Introduction
2 X-Ray Diffraction
3 Scanning Electron Microscope
3.1 Secondary Electrons
3.2 Backscattered Electrons
3.3 Auger Electrons
3.4 Characteristic X-Rays
4 Transmission Electron Microscope
4.1 An Illumination Source
4.2 Electrodes
4.3 An Optical Apparatus
4.4 A Sample Chambers
4.5 Camera(s)
4.6 Vacuum System
4.7 Limitations
5 Atomic Force Microscope
5.1 Static Mode
5.2 Dynamic Mode
6 Selected Area Electron Diffraction
6.1 Inelastic and Diffuse Scattering
7 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscope
8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscope
8.1 Working Principle
9 Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectroscope
10 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscope
11 Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy
11.1 Working Principles
11.2 Instrumentation and Working
12 Zeta Potential
12.1 Zeta Potential in Electrophoresis
13 Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy
14 Dynamic Light Scattering
15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
16 Challenges and Future Perspectives
17 Conclusions
References
Nanomaterials for Toxicity Constraints and Risk Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical Properties of NMs Related to Toxicity
2.1 Effect of Surface Area and Size
2.2 Effect of Shape
2.3 Effect of Aspect Ratio and Surface Charge
2.4 Effect of Surface Charge
2.5 Effect of Composition and Crystalline Structure
2.6 Effect of Concentration and Aggregation
2.7 Effects of Physical Properties
2.8 Effect of Media/Solvents
3 Classification of NMs
3.1 Types
3.2 Metal NPs
3.3 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides
3.4 Polymeric NPs
3.5 Metal–Organic Frameworks
3.6 Hybrid NPs/Nanocomposites
4 Route of Exposures
4.1 Inhalation Exposures
4.2 Skin (Dermal Exposures)
4.3 Oral Exposures
4.4 Ocular or Eye Exposures
5 In-Silico Assessment of NMs Toxicity
5.1 Molecular Docking
5.2 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) Assay
5.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
6 In-Vitro Assessment
6.1 Trypan Blue Assay
6.2 MTT Assay
6.3 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay
6.4 BrdU Assay
6.5 TUNEL Assay
6.6 Reactive Oxygen Species Measurement
6.7 Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
6.8 Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay)
7 In-Vivo Assessment
7.1 Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
9 Conclusions
References
Surface-Modified Nanomaterials for Biogenic Applications
1 Introduction
2 Surface Modifications via Physicochemical Properties
2.1 Morphological Strategy
2.2 Non-covalent Bonding Strategy
2.3 Covalent Bonding Strategy
3 Biocompatibility and Uptake Capacity of NMs
3.1 Biocompatibility
3.2 Uptake
4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
5 Conclusions
References
Nano-antimicrobial Materials: Alternative Antimicrobial Approach
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology: Pursuit of Progressive Science
3 Nanoparticles: A Promising Alternative
4 Antimicrobial Activity: Governing Parameters
4.1 Size
4.2 Shape
4.3 Concentration
4.4 Surface Charge and Surface Coating
5 Antimicrobial Mechanism
5.1 Cell Wall and Membrane Damage
5.2 Intracellular Penetration and Damage
5.3 Oxidative Stress
6 Applications of Nanomaterials as Antimicrobial Agents
6.1 Food Packaging
6.2 Water Purification
6.3 Wound Dressings
6.4 Antibacterial Coating of Implantable Devices
6.5 Other Antimicrobial Applications
7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8 Conclusions
References
Antiparasitic Activity of Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology-based Solutions (Targeted Drug Delivery) for the Treatment of Parasitic Diseases
2.1 Recent Advances in Treating Leishmaniasis: Impact of Nanotechnology
2.2 Techniques for Targeted Drug Delivery
3 Nano-based Strategies to Prevent the Transmission of Parasitic Diseases (Vector Control)
3.1 Different Parasitic Diseases and Their Vectors
3.2 Strategies Undertaken to Control Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases
3.3 Nanotechnology in Vector Control
4 Recent Advancements in the Development of Nanovaccines
4.1 Available Drug-Related Problems
4.2 Drug Resistance and Lack of Vaccines
4.3 Lack of Novel Drugs
4.4 Nanotechnology as a Solution
4.5 Availability of Different Nano-based Delivery Systems
4.6 Brief Introduction of the History and Evolution of Vaccines
4.7 Need for Nanovaccines
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment with Nano-Approaches
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis
2.1 Cancer Cells Versus Normal Cells
2.2 Tumor Physiology
2.3 Importance of Cancer Diagnosis
2.4 Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
2.5 Detection of Cancer Cells
2.6 Nanotechnology for in Vivo Imaging
3 Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy
3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
3.2 Cryosurgery
3.3 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) and photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
3.4 Radiotherapy (RT)
4 Theragnostic Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Nanotechnology: Antidiabetics, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory
1 Introduction to Antidiabetic, Antioxidants and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
1.1 Antidiabetic Drugs
1.2 Antioxidant Drugs
1.3 Anti-inflammatory Agents
2 Nanotechnology in Diagnosis, Treatment and Drug Delivery for Diabetics
3 Recent Trends in Antidiabetic Treatment like Nanoencapsulation, Nanocarrier and Nanopolyphenols
3.1 Liposomes
3.2 Niosomes
3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.4 Polyamidoamine Dendrimers
3.5 Inorganic Nanocarriers
3.6 Nanopolyphenols
4 Theranostics and Imaging
5 Efficacy and Toxicity Studies
6 Nanomaterials Used as an Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Studies
7 Challenges and Future Prospectives
8 Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agricultural Applications
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology for Plant Growth and Disease Control
3 Nano-Bioformulations for Agricultural Development
4 Inhibitory and Toxic Effect of NPs
5 Critical Literature Analysis
6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
7 Conclusions
References
Nanotechnology for Bioenergy and Biofuel Production
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Biofuels
3 Nanotechnology for Producing Biofuel
3.1 Nanoparticles in Biofuel Production
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes
3.3 Acid–Functionalized Nanoparticles
3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.5 Metallic Nanoparticles
3.6 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
4 Tailoring the Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Potential Nanomaterials for the Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
1 Introduction
2 Need of Nanomaterials in Diabetes Management
3 Nanomaterials for Oral Delivery as Antidiabetic Drug
4 Role of Nanoparticles as Antidiabetic Therapeutics
4.1 Nanoparticles in Diabetes
4.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
4.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
4.4 Liposome-Based Drug Delivery System
4.5 Niosome-Based Drug Delivery System
4.6 Gold Nanoparticles in Diabetes Treatment
4.7 Nanocarriers of Antisense Oligonucleotides in Diabetes
4.8 Dendrimers in Diabetes Treatment
4.9 Different NPs for Transdermal Drug Delivery of Antidiabetic Drugs
5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications in the Medical Field
1 Introduction
2 Biosensors for Medical Applications
2.1 Signal Transduction Perspective
2.2 Bio-recognition Perspective
2.3 Limitations of Bio-based Biosensor
3 Nanomaterials in Biosensors
3.1 Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.2 Chalcogenide Nanostructures
3.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.4 Carbon Nanostructures
3.5 Hybrid Nanostructures
4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
5 Conclusions
References