Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part1 Introduction
Chapter1 Nanoelectrocatalysis: An introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Construction and characterization of nanostructures
1.3 Efficient electrocatalysis enabled by nanostructures
1.3.1 Low-dimensional nanostructures
1.3.2 2D nanostructures
1.3.3 3D nanostructures
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter2 2D hybrid nanoarchitecture electrocatalysts
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Graphene-based electrocatalysts
2.3 Graphene nonmetallic composites
2.4 Graphene-metallic composites
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter3 MXene-based nanomaterials for electrocatalysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structural and electronic properties
3.2.1 Structural properties
3.2.2 Electronic properties
3.3 Engineering of MXene-based nanomaterial
3.3.1 HF etching
3.3.2 Lewis acidic etching
3.3.3 Water-free etching
3.3.4 Treatment with alkali
3.3.5 Electrochemical etching
3.3.6 Chemical vapor deposition method
3.4 Applications in electrocatalysis
3.4.1 Oxygen reduction reaction
3.4.2 Oxygen evolution reaction
3.4.3 Hydrogen evolution reaction
3.4.4 CO2 reduction reaction
3.5 Summary and outlook
References
Part2 Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic reactions such as ORR, OER and HER
Chapter4 Transition metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis methods of the TM nanoparticle-based catalysts
4.2.1 Hydrothermal method
4.2.2 Solvothermal method
4.2.3 Chemical reduction method
4.2.4 Electrochemical deposition method
4.2.5 Other synthetic methods
4.3 Structure and properties of TM nanoparticle-based catalysts
4.3.1 Substrate-free TM nanoparticle-based catalysts
4.3.2 Carbon substrate-assisted TM nanoparticle-based catalysts
4.3.3 Metallic substrate-assisted TM nanoparticle-based catalysts
4.4 Applications of TM nanoparticle-based catalysts toward
4.4.1 ORR applications
4.4.2 HER applications
4.4.3 OER applications
4.5 Summary
References
Chapter5 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overpotential (η)
5.1.2 Tafel plot
5.1.3 Faradaic efficiency
5.1.4 Stability
5.2 Synthesis of metal chalcogenides
5.2.1 Solvothermal
5.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition
5.2.3 Other methods
5.3 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for OER
5.4 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for ORR
5.5 Transition metal chalcogenides-based electrocatalysts for HER
5.6 Transition metal chalcogenides-based multifunctional electrocatalysts
5.7 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter6 Metal-organic framework-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER
6.1 Introduction
6.2 MOF-based electrocatalysts for ORR
6.2.1 MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for ORR
6.2.2 MOF-derived nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for ORR
6.3 MOF-based electrocatalysts for OER
6.3.1 MOF-derived metal-free materials for OER electrocatalyst
6.3.2 MOF-derived nonprecious metal-based OER electrocatalyst
6.4 MOF-based electrocatalysts for HER
6.4.1 MOF-derived metal-free carbon-based material for HER
6.4.2 MOF-derived NPM-based electrocatalyst for HER
6.4.3 Metal carbide, phosphides, and chalcogenides
6.5 MOF-based multifunctional electrocatalysts
6.5.1 MOF-derived OER/ORR bifunctional electrocatalysts
6.5.2 MOF-derived HER/OER bifunctional electrocatalysts
6.5.3 MOF-derived HER/ORR bifunctional electrocatalysts
6.5.4 MOF-derived HER/OER/ORR trifunctional electrocatalysts
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter7 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and HER
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Graphene and heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials
7.2.1 Graphene
7.2.2 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials
7.2.3 Synthesis of heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials
7.3 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials as electrocatalysts
7.3.1 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for ORR
7.3.2 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for OER
7.3.3 Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for HER
7.4 Summary and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter8 Metal-containing heteroatom doped carbon nanomaterials for ORR, OER, and HER
8.1 Introduction
8.2 M/N/C catalysts for the ORR
8.3 Synthesis of highly active M/N/C catalyst for the ORR
8.3.1 Fe/N/M catalysts derived from metal-organic frameworks
8.3.2 Fe/M/N catalysts from sacrificial templates
8.3.3 Fe/N/C catalysts derived from PANI
8.3.4 Fe/N/C catalyst from porous organic polymers as precursors
8.3.5 Other strategies for obtaining highly active M/N/C catalysts
8.4 Assessment of ORR performance of M/N/C catalysts
8.5 Physicochemical characterization of pyrolyzed M/N/C catalysts
8.5.1 Mössbauer spectroscopy
8.5.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
8.5.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
8.5.4 Transmission electron microscopy
8.6 Metal-containing heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials
References
Chapter9 Metal-organic frameworks for the electrocatalytic ORR and HER
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Engineering and effective strategies for modification of MOFs
9.2.1 Modification of MOFs by doping
9.2.2 MOF-derived materials
9.2.3 MOF-based composites
9.3 Applications of MOFs-based materials in fuel cells
9.3.1 MOFs for electrocatalytic ORR
9.3.2 MOFs for hydrogen production
9.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter10 LDH-based nanostructured electrocatalysts for hydrogen production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Construction of TM-LDH nanostructures
10.2.1 Bottom-up approaches
10.2.2 Top-down approaches
10.3 Carbon nanomaterial-based TM-LDH nanohybrids
10.4 Electrocatalytic application for hydrogen production
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter11 MOFs-derived hollow structure as a versatile platform for highly-efficient multifunctional electrocatalyst toward overall water-splitting and Zn-air battery
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Brief classification of hollow structures
11.2.1 Single-shelled hollow structures
11.2.2 Multishelled hollow structures
11.2.3 Other complex hollow structures
11.3 Active regulation strategy
11.3.1 Active site assembly
11.3.2 Electronic structure effect
11.3.3 Single-atom catalyst
11.3.4 Defect chemistry
11.3.5 Synergistic catalysis
11.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part3 Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)
Chapter12 Noble-metals-free catalysts for electrochemical NRR
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Non-noble metal-based metal catalysts
12.2.1 Mo-based catalysts
12.2.2 Fe-based catalysts
12.2.3 Ti-based catalysts
12.2.4 Bi-based catalysts
12.2.5 Co, Ni-based catalysts
12.2.6 Other non-noble metal metal-based catalysts
12.3 Non-metal-based catalysts
12.3.1 B-based NRR catalysts
12.3.2 N-based catalysts
12.3.3 O- and S-based catalysts
12.3.4 P-based catalysts
Competing interests
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter13 Noble metals-based nanocatalysts for electrochemical NNR
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Ru-based NRR catalysts
13.2.1 Single-atom Ru-based NRR catalysts
13.2.2 Supported Ru-based NRR catalysts
13.2.3 Ru-based alloy catalysts
13.3 Au-based NRR catalysts
13.3.1 Au catalyst nanostructure adjusting
13.3.2 Supported Au-based NRR catalysts
13.3.3 Au-based alloy NRR catalyst
13.4 Other noble metal-based NRR catalysts
13.4.1 Pd-based NRR catalysts
13.4.2 Pt-based NRR catalysts
13.5 Conclusions and prospects
References
Chapter14 Electrochemical NRR with noble metals-based nanocatalysts
14.1 Introduction
14.2 NRR mechanism
14.3 Types of the electrochemical cell for NRR
14.4 Electrolytes for NRR
14.5 NRR based on noble metals
14.6 NRR based on Au nanocatalysts
14.7 NRR based on Ru nanocatalysts
14.8 NRR based on Pd nanocatalysts
14.9 Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter15 Electrochemical NRR with noble metals-free catalysts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Transition metal oxides-based electrocatalysts
15.2.1 Titanium oxides
15.2.2 Chromium oxides
15.2.3 Manganese oxides
15.2.4 Iron oxides
15.2.5 Nickel-based oxides
15.2.6 Niobium oxides
15.2.7 Other transition metal oxides
15.3 Transition metal sulfides-based electrocatalysts
15.3.1 Molybdenum sulfides
15.3.2 Iron sulfides
15.3.3 Other transition metal sulfides
15.4 Transition metal nitride-based electrocatalysts
15.5 Transition metal phosphides-based electrocatalysts
15.5.1 Cobalt phosphides
15.5.2 Nickel phosphides
15.5.3 Iron phosphides
15.6 Transition metal carbides-based electrocatalysts
15.6.1 Mxene-based electrocatalysts
15.6.2 Molybdenum carbides-based electrocatalysts
15.7 Metal-free electrocatalysts
15.7.1 Boron-doped carbon
15.7.2 Nitrogen-doped carbon
15.7.3 Fluorine-doped carbon
15.7.4 Sulfur-doped carbon
15.7.5 Black phosphorus
15.8 Conclusion
References
Part4 Nanomaterials for Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction
Chapter16 Nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO2: An introduction
References
Index
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