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Nanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles

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Nanogrids are small energy grids, powered by various generators often including photovoltaics. For example, a nanogrid might supply a village in a rural area and allow that village to trade its surplus energy. A picogrid is a still smaller energy grid. IRENA defines nanogrids as systems handling up to 5 kW of power while picogrids handle up to 1 kW.

Nanogrids and picogrids can play roles in urban, suburban and rural areas, particularly in developing countries, and can help with decarbonising the energy systems and empowering citizens. Electric vehicles (EV) are poised to play important roles and need to be accounted for in emerging and future small grids.

This book introduces the principles of nano- and picogrids, then goes on to provide a technical analysis covering connected resources, modelling and performance, power quality and protection. The use of nano- and picogrids in conjunction with EV, charger technologies, the IoT, cloud computing and data sharing is explored. Case studies of real-life projects help readers to understand and apply the concepts for their own projects.

Nanogrids and Picogrids and their Integration with Electric Vehicles is a valuable resource for researchers involved with power systems, particularly those with an interest in power supply in rural areas, or anyone with a particular interest in nano- and microgrids. It is also of use to advanced students, and to engineers working in utilities.

Author(s): Surajit Chattopadhyay
Series: IET Energy Engineering Series, 208
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 365
City: London

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Author’s Biography
1. Introduction
1.1 World environment
1.2 Paradigm shift in the energy market
1.3 Paradigm shift in grids topology
1.4 Paradigm shift in mobility
1.5 Advancement in computation and communication techniques
1.6 Nanogrids and picogrids and their integration with EVs
1.7 Focus of the book
References
2. Energy resources for nanogrids and picogrids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy resources for steam power plant
2.3 Energy resources for nuclear power plant
2.4 Energy resources for diesel–electric power plant
2.5 Energy resources for gas turbine power plant
2.6 Energy resources for hydro-electric power plant
2.7 Energy resources for MHD power plant
2.8 Energy resources for thermoelectric power plant
2.9 Energy resources for thermionic power plant
2.10 Energy resources for wind power plant
2.11 Energy resources for tidal power plant
2.12 Energy resources for geothermal power plant
2.13 Energy resources for solar thermal power plant
2.14 Energy resources for solar PV power plant
2.15 Biomass
2.16 Fuel cell
2.17 Energy storage systems
2.18 Summary
Further reading
3. Modeling of nanogrids and picogrids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanogrid
3.3 PGs
3.4 Comparison among NG, PG, and MG
3.5 Main parts for NG and PG model
3.6 Resources
3.7 Power electronics components
3.8 Converter
3.9 Load
3.10 Gateway
3.11 Control and load management (CLM) unit
3.12 Distribution network
3.13 Metering and supervision unit (MSU)
3.14 Protection unit
3.15 Smart NG and PG and their essential additional components
3.16 AC grid
3.17 DC grid
3.18 Composite AC–DC grid
3.19 Comparison between DC and AC NGs
3.20 Grid topology
3.21 Smart metering, measurement, and monitoring unit
3.22 Power flow in AC multi-bus mesh and ring system
3.23 Load flow in DC network
3.24 Summary
References
Further reading
4. Operation and performance analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Operation
4.3 Classification of NPG control
4.4 MPPT in PV control system for NPG
4.5 MPPT solar charge controller
4.6 Droop control
4.7 Virtual synchronous machine (VSM)-based control
4.8 Selection of boost or buck converter
4.9 Optimization for pulse width modulation (PWM)
4.10 Grid power flow direction control
4.11 Clarke and Park transformations in NPG power flow control
4.12 Solar-wind NPG model
4.13 Case studies
4.14 Summary
Further reading
5. Power quality issues in nanogrid and picogrid systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hexagonal approach for ensuring EPQ in NPG
5.3 Major sources of EPQ disturbances in NPG systems
5.4 Classification of major type PQ disturbances
5.5 Harmonics
5.6 Transients
5.7 Sag
5.8 Swell
5.9 Interruption
5.10 Sustained interruption
5.11 Under-voltage
5.12 Overvoltage
5.13 DC offset
5.14 Electric noise
5.15 Voltage fluctuation
5.16 Flicker
5.17 Power frequency variations
5.18 Useful tools for signal assessment
5.19 Standards and guidelines
5.20 Summary
References
Further reading
6. Faults and protection in nanogrids and picogrids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fault zones
6.3 Faults in photovoltaic resources
6.4 Faults in the battery storage unit
6.5 Faults in power electronics converters and controllers
6.6 Faults in basic protective elements
6.7 Faults in link bus and load bus
6.8 Faults in feeders and other connecting lines
6.9 Faults in transformer
6.10 Faults in the battery unit
6.11 Grounding practice
6.12 Lightning protection
6.13 Common protection schemes practiced in NPG
6.14 Safety measures and routine tests practiced in NPG
6.15 Summary
Further reading
7. Utilization of nanogrids and picogrids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of NPG utilization
7.3 NPG tariff schemes
7.4 Picogrids utilization
7.5 Domestic utilization of NPG
7.6 Efficiency in NPG utilization
7.7 Utilization for EV
7.8 Portable or mobile picogrid utilization
7.9 Some examples
7.10 Case studies
7.11 Design features of solar-wind hybrid picogrid-based pole-mounted lighting system
7.12 Some specifications useful for modeling, design, and selection of NPG-based applications
7.13 Summary
Further reading
8. Electromobility
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Need for E-mobility
8.3 General benefits of E-mobility
8.4 The main requirement for the growth of E-mobility
8.5 Infrastructure development
8.6 Classification of E-vehicles
8.7 Main components of EVs
8.8 Benefits of electric motors of E-vehicles over internal combustion engine
8.9 EV charging
8.10 EV safety
8.11 EV speed, efficiency, and price
8.12 EV charging tariff
8.13 Present scenario
8.14 Smart city application
8.15 Rural utility
8.16 Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
8.17 Surveillance
8.18 Challenges
8.19 Summary
Further reading
9. Nanogrid and picogrid integration with electric mobility
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Need for integration of EV with NPG
9.3 Generalized model of EV-NPG integration
9.4 Optimization
9.5 Issues in EV integration with grids
9.6 Design of EV charging stations
9.7 Smart supervision and challenges
9.8 Case study on the V2X configuration
9.9 Some useful standards
9.10 Summary
Further reading
10. Nanogrid-integrated EV charging with IoT-enabled cloud computing for smart time and space management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
10.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
10.4 Artificial neural network (ANN)
10.5 Cloud computing
10.6 Fog computing
10.7 Model for NG and internet of EV-things integration
10.8 Research trend
10.9 Useful information
10.10 Summary
References
Further reading
Index