Nanofluids and Mass Transfer

Front Cover
Nanofluids and Mass Transfer
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
1 Mass transfer basics of nanofluids
1 Introduction to nanofluids, challenges, and opportunities
1.1 Mass transfer in nanofluids
1.1.1 Mass diffusion of nanofluids
1.1.2 Convective mass transfer of nanofluids
1.2 Challenges
1.2.1 High cost of production and application
1.2.2 Instability and sedimentation
1.2.3 Elevated pumping power
1.2.4 Erosion and corrosion of the equipment
1.2.5 Thermal performance in turbulent flow condition
1.2.6 Necessity of defining new mechanisms
1.2.7 Challenges in two-phase heat transport applications
1.3 Opportunities
1.3.1 Smaller equipment
1.3.2 CO2 emission reduction
1.3.3 Increasing the life of electronic devices
1.3.4 Performance improvement of PV/T systems
1.3.5 More efficient cooling of automobile engines
1.3.6 More efficient heating of buildings
1.3.7 More efficient grinding
1.3.8 Drug delivery
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Preparation, stability, and characterization of nanofluids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation of nanofluids
2.2.1 Single-step method
2.2.2 Two-step method
2.2.3 Phase transfer method
2.2.4 Posttreatment method
2.3 The stability of nanofluids
2.3.1 Surfactant addition to the nanofluid
2.3.2 Surface modification methods: surfactant-free method
2.4 Characterization techniques of nanofluids
2.4.1 Measurement of zeta potential
2.4.2 Dynamic light scattering
2.4.3 3ω technique
2.4.4 Sedimentation and centrifugation
2.4.5 Measurement of transmittance and spectral absorbance
2.4.6 Transmission electron microscopy
2.4.7 Neuron activation analysis
2.4.8 Thermogravimetry analysis
2.4.9 Inductively coupled plasma
2.4.10 X-ray powder diffraction
2.4.11 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
2.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
3 Thermophysical properties of nanofluids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermophysical properties
3.2.1 Density (ρ)
3.2.1.1 Density models
3.2.2 Viscosity (μ)
3.2.2.1 Viscosity models
3.2.3 Thermal conductivity (k)
3.2.3.1 Thermal conductivity models
3.3 Conclusion and outlook
References
4 Mass transfer mechanisms in nanofluids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The mechanisms of mass transfer in nanofluids
4.2.1 Surfactants and nanofluids
4.2.2 From Brownian motion to diffusion
4.2.3 Modeling the mass transfer mechanisms
4.2.4 Role of nanoparticles in mass transfer
4.2.5 Footprint of nanofluids in the gas-liquid interaction
4.2.6 Hydrodynamics of nanofluids from mass-transfer viewpoint
4.3 Conclusion
References
5 Effect of nanofluids in solubility enhancement
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The gas solubility enhancement mechanisms
5.2.1 The grazing or shuttle effect
5.2.2 The hydrodynamic or boundary mixing effect
5.2.3 The inhibition effect of bubble coalescence
5.3 Gas absorption enhancement by nanofluids
5.3.1 The nanofluids type effect
5.3.2 The nanoparticle size effect
5.3.3 The nanoparticle concentration effect
5.3.4 The surfactant addition effect
5.3.5 The pH effect
5.3.6 The temperature effect
5.3.7 The pressure effect
5.4 Application of nanofluids for liquid solvent solubility
5.5 Limitations and drawbacks of nanofluids usages
5.6 Conclusions and future trends
Abbreviations
References
6 Heat and mass transfer characteristics of magnetic nanofluids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Heat transfer characteristics
6.2.1 Theory
6.2.2 Natural convection subject to nonuniform magnetic field
6.2.3 Natural convection subject to uniform magnetic field
6.2.3.1 Natural convection in various cavity (square cavity, rectangular cavity C-shape cavity)
6.2.3.2 Natural convection in annulus
6.2.3.3 Natural convection in porous cavity
6.2.3.4 Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection
6.2.3.5 Lorentz force effect on magnetic nanofluids
6.2.3.6 Joule heating effect on magnetic nanofluids
6.2.3.7 Convective instability of a magnetic nanofluids
6.2.3.8 Homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions effect
6.2.3.9 Electric field effect
6.3 Mass transfer characteristics
6.4 Conclusions and future prospects and trends
Acknowledgment
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
References
7 Conjugate heat and mass transfer in nanofluids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanisms of heat transfer in nanofluids
7.3 Mechanisms of mass transfer in nanofluids
7.4 Boiling heat and mass transfer
7.4.1 Pool boiling
7.4.2 Flow boiling
7.5 Techniques for enhancement of the nanofluids critical heat flux
7.6 Conclusion and future work and trends
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
References
8 Bionanofluids and mass transfer characteristics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Present status of research in nanofluids
8.3 Preparation and stabilization of nanofluids
8.3.1 Preparation of nanofluids and bionanofluids
8.3.2 Stabilization of nanofluids
8.4 Applications of nanofluids and bionanofluids
8.5 Types of mass transfer processes in nanofluids
8.5.1 Bubble type absorption
8.5.2 Falling film absorption
8.5.3 Membrane absorption
8.5.4 Mass transfer with phase change
8.5.5 Three-phase airlift reactor
8.5.6 Agitated absorption reactor
8.6 Mechanism of mass transfer enhancement in nanofluids and bionanofluids
8.6.1 Shuttle or grazing effect
8.6.2 Hydrodynamics in the GL layer
8.6.3 Changes in GL interface
8.7 Analogy and equivalence between heat and mass transfer in nanofluids: an experimental and modeling approach
8.8 Bioconvection
8.9 A general model of bioconvection
8.9.1 Case study 1—three-dimensional stagnation point flow of bionanofluid with variable transport properties
8.9.2 Case study 2—bioconvection nanofluid slip flow past a wavy surface with applications in nanobiofuel cells
8.9.3 Case study 3—stagnation point flow with time-dependent bionanofluid past a sheet: richardson extrapolation technique
8.9.4 Case study 4—unsteady magnetoconvective flow of bionanofluid with zero mass flux boundary condition
8.9.5 Case study 5—second grade bioconvective nanofluid flow with buoyancy effect and chemical reaction
8.10 Conclusion and future outlook
References
2 Mass transfer modelling and simulation of nanofluids
9 Mass transfer modeling in nanofluids: theoretical basics and model development
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wetted-wall column
9.3 Packed bed column
9.4 High-pressure vessel
9.5 Liquid–gas membrane contactor
9.6 Bubble column
9.7 Airlift reactor
9.8 Capillary tube
9.9 Advantages and disadvantages of nanofluids
9.10 Challenges for nanofluid applications in mass transfer technology
9.11 Conclusion and future work
References
10 Mass transfer modeling in nanofluids: numerical approaches and challenges
10.1 Nanofluid mass transfer
10.1.1 Basic equations of nanofluid mass transfer
10.2 Finite element method
10.2.1 Finite element method application on nanofluid heat and mass transfer
10.2.2 Finite element method simulation
10.3 Control volume finite element method
10.3.1 Fundamental equations
10.3.2 Modeling of numerical method
10.3.3 Discretization equation of general transport
10.4 Lattice Boltzmann method
10.4.1 The transport model of Lattice Boltzmann
10.4.2 Dynamic nanoparticle aggregation by lattice Boltzmann method
10.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
11 CFD simulation of nanofluids flow dynamics including mass transfer
11.1 Heat and mass transfer in nanofluids
11.1.1 Thermal conductivity
11.1.2 Nanoparticles concentration
11.1.3 Nanoparticle size
11.1.4 Nanoparticle shape
11.1.5 Nanoparticle thermal conductivity and base fluid
11.2 CFD modeling
11.2.1 Single-phase approach
11.2.2 Two-phase approach
11.2.2.1 Eulerian–Eulerian model
11.2.2.2 Mixture model
11.2.2.3 Eulerian model
11.2.2.4 Volume of fluid model
11.2.2.5 Lagrangian–Eulerian model
11.2.3 Other CFD approaches
11.2.3.1 Lattice Boltzmann method
11.2.3.2 Finite element method
11.2.3.3 Example of CFD nanofluid mass transfer
11.3 Conclusion
References
12 Mass transfer enhancement in liquid–liquid extraction process by nanofluids
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mass transfer in nanofluids
12.2.1 Molecular penetration in nanofluids
12.2.2 Calculation of mass transfer coefficient
12.3 Mass transfer of liquid–liquid extraction
12.4 Nanoparticles in liquid–liquid extraction
12.4.1 SiO2 nanoparticles
12.4.2 ZnO, ZrO2, and TiO2 nanoparticles
12.4.3 Al2O3 nanoparticles
12.4.4 MgO nanoparticles
12.4.5 Fe3O4 nanoparticles
12.5 Conclusions and future outlooks
References
3 Applications of nanofluids as mass transfer enhancers
13 Increasing mass transfer in absorption and regeneration processes via nanofluids
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mass transfer enhancement in the absorption processes via nanofluids
13.2.1 Membrane contactor process
13.2.2 Falling film absorption process
13.2.3 Bubble absorption process
13.2.4 Tray column absorption process
13.3 Mass transfer enhancement in the regeneration process via nanofluids
13.4 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Further reading
14 Mass transfer basics and models of membranes containing nanofluids
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mass transfer enhancement effects
14.2.1 Grazing effect
14.2.2 Hydrodynamic effect in the gas–solvent boundary layer
14.3 Mass transfer theory
14.3.1 Nanofluids mass transfer
14.3.2 Fluid dynamic models
14.4 Theory verification
14.5 Conclusions
References
15 Applications of membranes with nanofluids and challenges on industrialization
15.1 Introduction to nanofluids and membranes
15.2 Nanofluid characteristics
15.3 Membrane contactors
15.4 Membrane applications with nanofluids
15.4.1 Liquid–liquid extraction
15.4.2 Gas–solvent absorption
15.4.3 Ultrafiltration/nanofiltration
15.5 Membrane process industrial demonstrations
15.6 Challenges for membranes processes
15.7 Conclusions
References
16 Enhanced carbon dioxide capture by membrane contactors in presence of nanofluids
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Membrane contactors technology
16.3 Carbon dioxide separation by membrane contactors
16.3.1 Carbon dioxide absorption in presence of solid nanoparticles
16.3.2 Nanofluids hollow fiber membranes: modeling studies
16.3.3 Modeling of carbon dioxide removal in a hollow fiber membrane contactor
16.4 Conclusion and future outlooks
References
17 Mass transfer improvement in hydrate formation processes by nanofluids
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Gas hydrates formation
17.1.2 The gas hydrate formation process
17.1.3 Application of gas hydrates
17.1.3.1 Natural gas storage and transportation
17.1.3.2 CO2 and greenhouse gases capture and isolation
17.2 Hydrate inhibition versus the hydrate promotion
17.3 Nanofluid in hydrate formation/inhibition process
17.3.1 Improvement of mass exchange during hydrate formation by nanofluids
17.4 Conclusions and future trends
Abbreviations
References
18 Mass transfer enhancement in solar stills by nanofluids
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Components of a solar still unit
18.3 Effective parameters in solar stills
18.4 Productivity of solar stills
18.5 On the mass transfer of solar stills
18.5.1 Inferred mass transfer from heat transfer mechanism
18.5.1.1 Convection
18.5.1.2 Radiation
18.5.1.3 Evaporation
18.5.2 Perspectives of mass transfer
18.6 Economic viewpoints
18.7 Conclusion
References
19 Application of nanofluids in drug delivery and disease treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nanofluids
19.2.1 Different varieties of nanofluids
19.2.1.1 Single material nanofluids
19.2.1.2 Hybrid nanofluid
19.2.2 Preparation of nanofluids
19.2.2.1 Single-step method
19.2.2.2 Two-step method
19.2.3 Nanofluid stability assessment methods
19.2.4 Nanofluid stabilization procedure
19.3 Nanofluid-based delivery system
19.4 Targeted drug delivery
19.4.1 Passive (physiology-based) targeting
19.4.2 Active targeting
19.4.3 Physical targeting
19.5 Applications of the nanofluid-based delivery system
19.5.1 Antibacterial activity of nanofluids
19.5.2 Applications in cancer therapy
19.6 Conclusion and future trends
References
20 Environmental and industrialization challenges of nanofluids
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The devastating consequences of nanotechnology
20.2.1 The nanoparticles effect on human health
20.2.2 The nanoparticles effect on the environment
20.3 Nanofluids utilization challenges
20.3.1 Long-term stability of nanoparticles scattering
20.3.2 Increased pressure loss and pumping power
20.3.3 Thermal performance of nanofluids in turbulent flow and fully developed region
20.3.4 Less specific heat
20.3.5 Nanofluids production and usage price
20.4 Conclusions
References
Index
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