This book covers the basic and sustainable approach of nanofiltration membrane techniques along with their fabrication, characterization, separation mechanisms, and broad applications in the field of wastewater treatment. It provides a wide knowledge of nanofiltration technique to water purification audience concerning the recent development with various illustrations, methods and results for graduate students, scientists, academicians, researchers, and industrialists. Readers from wastewater and water purification will have a quick reference by exploring the research literature on the subject field with commercial value-added research applications of nanofiltration membrane.
Author(s): Akil Ahmad, Mohammed B. Alshammari
Series: Sustainable Materials and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 272
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Introduction and Basic Principle of Nanofiltration Membrane Process
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Principle of NF Membrane Technology
1.3 Mechanism of Separation
1.4 Fouling in NF Membranes
1.4.1 Mitigation Strategies of Membrane Fouling
1.5 Role of Nanomaterials in NF Membrane Synthesis
1.5.1 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in NF Membranes
1.5.2 Carbon Based Nanomaterials in NF Membranes
1.5.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks in NF Membrane
1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
2 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofiltration Membrane
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanism of Nanofiltration
2.3 NFM Modification and Fabrication Methods
2.3.1 Interfacial Polymerization (IP)
2.3.2 Grafting Polymerization
2.4 Membrane Characterization
2.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.4.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4.4 Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
2.5 Future Aspects of NFM Technology
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Pretreatments Before the Nanofiltration Technique
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical Processes
3.2.1 Flocculation and Sand Filtration
3.2.2 Adsorption Processes
3.3 Chemical Processes
3.3.1 Coagulation
3.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
3.4 Membrane-Based Processes
3.5 Biological Processes
3.6 Conclusion & Future Remarks
References
4 Graphene Oxide Based Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Type of Membrane Filtrations
4.2.1 Nanofiltration (NF)
4.2.2 Nanofiltration Membrane
4.3 Graphene Oxide Based Nanofiltration Membrane
4.3.1 Graphene Oxide
4.3.2 Manufacturing of GO Nanofiltration Membrane
4.3.3 Functionalization of NF and Techniques
4.3.4 Mechanisms of GO Based Nanofiltration Membrane Separation
4.4 GO Nanofiltration Membrane Applications
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Nano-filtration Application in the Textile Industry for Wastewater Treatment
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 What is Nanofiltration?
5.1.2 Importance in Wastewater Treatment
5.2 Materials for Nanofiltration
5.3 Textile Wastewater Treatment
5.3.1 Nanofiltration in Textile Wastewater Treatment
5.4 Different Parameters Effect on Nanofiltration
5.4.1 Nature of Dyes
5.4.2 Salt Concentration
5.4.3 Effect of pH
5.4.4 Effect of Temperature
5.5 Limitations
5.6 Future Prospectus and Conclusion
References
6 Dye Removal from Industrial Water Using Nanofiltration Membrane
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanofiltration Membrane
6.3 Nanocomposite Membranes
6.4 Conventional Membranes
6.4.1 Ceramic Membranes
6.4.2 Polymeric Membranes
6.5 Pressure Drove Membrane Method in Nanofillers
6.5.1 Alloy Nanofillers
6.5.2 Carbon Form Nanofillers
6.6 Nanomaterials in Nanofiltration Membrane Method
6.7 Nanomaterial-Based Membrane Synthesis Techniques
6.7.1 Phase Inversion Method
6.7.2 Interfacial Polymerization (IP)
6.7.3 Layer by Layer (LbL) Assembly
6.7.4 Stretching and Sintering
6.7.5 Track Etching and Electrospinning
6.7.6 Three-Dimensional Printing (3D Printing)
6.8 Applications of NF Membrane for Dye Removal
6.8.1 Textile Industry
6.8.2 Bioproduct Manufacturing
6.8.3 Others
6.9 Challenges
6.9.1 Insufficient Separation Selectivity
6.9.2 Limited Lifetime of Membrane
6.9.3 Serious Membrane Fouling
6.9.4 Process of Immature Decolorization
6.10 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
7 Volatile Organic Compounds Removal by Nanofiltration from Groundwater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
7.3 Types of Volatile Organic Compounds
7.3.1 Very Volatile Organic Compounds (VVOCs)
7.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
7.3.3 Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
7.4 VOCs in Groundwater: Sources and Effects
7.4.1 Natural and Anthropogenetic Sources
7.4.2 Point and Non-point Source
7.5 Processes of Groundwater Contamination by VOCs
7.6 Factors Affecting Groundwater Contamination with VOCs
7.7 Impacts of VOCs
7.8 Membrane-Based Technology for VOCs Removal
7.8.1 Nanofiltration Technology for the Removal of VOCs
7.8.2 Membrane Selection
7.8.3 Membrane Material and Module Type
7.8.4 Nanofiltration Treatment Systems
7.8.5 NF Separation Mechanisms
7.9 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
8 Desalination Through Nanofiltration Technique
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Process Modelling for Nanofiltration Membrane
8.3 NF Membrane Performance in Integrated Systems
8.3.1 NF-UF
8.3.2 Ion Exchange and NF
8.3.3 FO-NF
8.3.4 NF-SWRO
8.3.5 NF-SWRO-MD
8.3.6 NF-MSF
8.3.7 NF and Salt Production
8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
9 Modified Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membrane Technology
9.3 Membrane-Based Filtration and Separation
9.3.1 Ultrafiltration
9.3.2 Nanofiltration
9.3.3 Microfiltration
9.3.4 Reverse Osmosis
9.3.5 Forward Osmosis
9.3.6 Electrodialysis
9.3.7 Other Membrane-Based Methods
9.4 Membrane Fouling
9.4.1 Inorganic Fouling
9.4.2 Organic Fouling
9.4.3 Colloid/Particulate Fouling
9.5 Strategies for Reducing Fouling and Biofouling
9.5.1 Surface Grafting
9.5.2 Surface Covering of a Membrane
9.5.3 Blending Method
9.6 Nanofiltration Membrane Applications
9.6.1 NF Application by Industry
9.6.2 New NF Applications
9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
10 Performance of Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes in Water Purification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ceramic Membranes
10.2.1 Various Kinds of Composite Ceramic NF Membranes
10.3 Fabrication Methods
10.3.1 Challenges in the Preparation of Ceramic NF Membranes
10.4 Applications of Ceramic NF Membranes
10.4.1 Desalination (as a Pre-treatment for Desalination)
10.4.2 Heavy Metal Ion Removal
10.4.3 Dye Removal
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11 Fouling Mechanisms in Nanofiltration Membranes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Applications of Nanofiltration
11.2.1 Surface-Water Treatment
11.2.2 Groundwater Treatment
11.2.3 Removal of Organic Contaminants and Pathogens for Water Reuse
11.3 Definition and Types of Membrane Fouling
11.3.1 Organic Fouling
11.3.2 Inorganic Fouling
11.3.3 Biofouling
11.3.4 Reversible and Irreversible Fouling
11.4 Fouling Mechanism
11.4.1 Concentration Boundary Layer
11.4.2 Overview of Fouling: Its Causes and Effects
11.4.3 Fouling Mechanism Assessment
11.4.4 Hermia's Fouling Models
11.5 Cleaning Methods to Remove Fouling
11.5.1 Physical Cleaning
11.5.2 Chemical Cleaning
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Nanofiltration Technology Applied for Peat and Wetland Saline Water
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanofiltration Technology for Peat and Wetland Water Treatment
12.2.1 Influenced Parameters
12.3 Fouling and Controlling Process of Nanofiltration Membranes
12.3.1 Pretreatment Requirement
12.3.2 NF Membrane Cleaning Process
12.4 Future Trends
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater Through Nanofiltration: A Review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanofiltration Membranes
13.2.1 Temperature
13.2.2 Operating Pressure
13.2.3 Flow Rate
13.2.4 Membrane Characteristic
13.2.5 Feed Characteristic
13.3 Polymeric Membrane
13.4 Metal Oxide-Based Membrane
13.5 Carbon-Based Membrane
13.6 Challenges of Nanofiltration and Future Prospective
13.7 Conclusion
References
