This book covers basic aspects of different nanoparticles, including type of materials, lipid, polymeric and inorganic structures, synthesis strategies, as well as the main physicochemical characterization techniques. Moreover, this book addresses applications for both treatment and diagnosis of diseases, highlighting in vitro and in vivo findings and clinical evaluation. The chapters highlight the main barriers for drug delivery which can benefit from nanoencapsulation: the topical and oral routes. The main innovations in the field, such as gene therapy and functionalization of nanoparticles with a variety of moieties, including monoclonal antibodies for selective delivery, are discussed and illustrated with examples. Finally, the application of nanoparticles for drug delivery to cancer is reviewed considering toxicology and regulatory aspects.
Author(s): Josimar O. Eloy; Juliana Palma Abriata; Juliana Maldonado Marchetti
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 347
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Polymeric Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Composition
2.1 Types of Polymers
2.2 Types of Drugs
2.3 Use of Surfactants
2.4 Functionalization of Polymeric Nanoparticles
3 Release Mechanisms
4 Production Techniques
4.1 Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation Method
4.2 Salting Out
4.3 Spontaneous Emulsification-Solvent Diffusion Method
4.4 Nanoprecipitation Method
4.5 Ionic Gelification Method
4.6 Dialysis Technique
4.7 Supercritical Fluid Technology
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Lipid Nanocarriers
1 Lipidic Nanocarriers
1.1 Microemulsion
1.2 Nanoemulsions
1.3 Liposomes
1.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
1.5 Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions
2 Preparation Methods of Lipid Nanocarriers
2.1 Phase Inversion Methods
2.2 Emulsification and Solvent Evaporation Method
2.3 Hot Emulsion and Ultra-Turrax® or Ultrasonicator
2.4 High-Pressure Homogenization
2.5 Lipid Film Hydration
3 Conclusion
References
Inorganic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Gold Nanoparticles
3 Silver Nanoparticles
4 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
5 Quantum Dots
6 Ceramic Nanoparticles
7 Considerations and Perspectives
References
Colloidal Disperse Systems: Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions
1 Microemulsions
2 Nanoemulsions
3 Quality Control of Micro- and Nanoemulsions
4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Physicochemical Characterization of Drug Nanocarrriers
1 Introduction
2 Characterization
2.1 Techniques to Obtain Size and Surface Charge
2.2 Drug Quantification Techniques
2.3 Microscopic Techniques
2.4 Other Techniques
2.5 Drug Release Assay
3 Conclusion
References
Targeting of Drug Nanocarriers
1 Introduction
2 Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems: Passive Targeting
3 Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems: Active Targeting
3.1 Folate
3.2 Oligosaccharides
3.3 Peptides
3.4 Transferrin
3.5 Monoclonal Antibodies or Their Fragments
3.6 Aptamers
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Nanocarriers for Oral Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology as a Technological Strategy for Oral Drug Release
3 Nanocarriers for Oral Drug Release
3.1 Nanosuspensions
4 Dendrimers
5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6 Micelles
7 Nanoemulsions
8 Liposomes
9 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Lipid Nanocarriers (LNC)
10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Nanocarriers of Drugs for Topical Delivery
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure and Function of the Skin
1.2 Routes of Skin Penetration
1.3 Assays for Characterization of the Cutaneous Penetration of Drugs
2 Nanocarriers
2.1 Vesicular Systems
3 Penetration-Enhancing Mediated by Topical Nanocarriers: Main Mechanisms and Factors that Influence the Cutaneous Transport
4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Recent Advances in Nanocarriers Used for Selective Gene Silencing Therapy
1 Introduction
2 Gene Therapy
2.1 RNA Interference
2.2 Advantages of RNA Interference Therapy
2.3 Endosomal Escape
2.4 Challenges of RNA Interference Therapy
3 Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery in Gene Therapy
3.1 Lipid Nanoparticles
3.2 Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions
3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.4 Dendrimers
3.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles
3.6 Combined Use of Physical Methods and Nanocarriers
4 Current Clinical Trials of SiRNA
4.1 Nanoparticles
4.2 N-Acetyl Galactosamine-Conjugated siRNA
5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Nanocarriers for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
1 Introduction
1.1 Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Systems
2 Cancer: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology and Treatment
3 Nanocarriers for Use in the Diagnosis of Cancer
3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.2 Liposomes and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
3.3 Inorganic Nanocarriers for the Diagnosis of Cancer
4 Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment: Clinical Trials and the Pharmaceutical Market
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Nanosystems Comprising Biocompatible Polymers for the Delivery of Photoactive Compounds in Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymers and Their Use as DDSs
1.2 Biocompatible Polymers as DDSs in Photodynamic Therapy
2 Pharmacotechnical Development of Biocompatible Polymers as DDSs
2.1 Polylactide, Polyglycolide, and Their Copolymers
2.2 Alginate
2.3 Collagen
2.4 Gelatin
2.5 Polyhydroxybutyrate
2.6 Chitosan
2.7 Polydioxanone
3 Pharmacokinetics
4 Introduction to Photodynamic Therapy: Biomedical Applications of DDSs Containing Photosensitizing Drugs
5 Photodynamic Mechanisms and Applications
6 TYPE I: Redox Reactions with Biomolecules, Superoxide Production, Etc.
7 TYPE II: Mediated by Singlet Oxygen. For Example, Lipid Peroxidation
8 Conclusion
References
Toxicology of Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Nanoparticles X Toxicity
2.1 Nanoparticle Size and Surface Area
2.2 Nanoparticle Geometry
2.3 Composition
2.4 Dose and Concentration
2.5 Influence of Nanoparticle Surface and Aggregation
3 Evaluation Methods of Nanotoxicology
3.1 In Vitro Methods
3.2 In Vivo Evaluation
4 Conclusion
References
Regulation of Nanotechnology-Based Products Subject to Health Regulations: Application of Quality by Design (QbD) and Quality Risk Management (QRM)
1 Nanotechnology-Based Product Subject to Health Regulations
2 Regulatory Concept of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (N&N)
3 Quality by Design (QbD) and Quality Risk Management (QRM) as Strategies for Compliance with Regulations of Nanotechnology-Based Products
4 QRM for Evaluating the Nanotechnology Employed
5 Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
References
