NanoBioenergy: Application and Sustainability Assessment

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Application of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Nanoparticles
1.2.1.1 Organicnanoparticles
1.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
1.2.1.3 Carbonnanoparticles
1.2.2 Dimension-Based Nanomaterials Classification
1.2.2.1 0D
1.2.2.2 1D
1.2.2.3 2D
1.2.2.4 3D
1.2.3 Classification Based on the Origin of Nanomaterials
1.2.3.1 Natural
1.2.3.2 Synthetic
1.2.4 Nanoclays
1.2.5 Nano-Emulsion
1.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
1.3.1 Physical Methods
1.3.1.1 Laser
1.3.1.2 Arc-Discharge
1.3.1.3 Combustion
1.3.1.4 Evaporation-Condensation
1.3.1.5 Laser Ablation Method
1.3.2 Chemical Methods
1.3.2.1 Chemical Reduction
1.3.2.2 Oxidation
1.3.2.3 Microemulsion
1.3.2.4 Sol-Gel Process
1.3.3 Biological Synthesis
1.4 Nanomaterials: Applications in Renewable Energy
1.4.1 Solar Energy
1.4.1.1 Improved Absorption and Capture of Solar Energy
1.4.1.2 Nanofluids
1.4.1.3 Photocatalysts
1.4.1.4 Nanotechnology in the Storage of Power
1.4.2 Renewable Hydrogen Energy and Use of Nanotechnology
1.4.2.1 Nanomaterials-Based Electrodes for Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting
1.4.2.2 Nano-Photocatalysts and Hydrogen Production
1.4.2.3 Solid-State Nanomaterials (Hydrogen Storage)
1.4.3 PEMFCs and Nano-Electrocatalyst
1.4.4 Nanotechnology and Wind Energy
1.4.5 Nanotechnology in Other Renewable Energy Sources
1.4.5.1 Biofuels
1.4.5.2 Geothermal Energy
1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 2: Applications of Nanomaterials in Liquid Biofuels Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomass Conversion Processes for Liquid Biofuels Production
2.2.1 Processing of Animal Fat
2.2.2 Transesterification
2.2.3 Liquefaction
2.2.4 Pyrolysis
2.2.5 Fermentation
2.3 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biooil Production
2.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Bioethanol Production
2.5 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Applications of Nanomaterials in Gaseous Biofuels Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanomaterial Synthesis and Characterization
3.2.1 Microorganisms Are Used to Make Nanomaterials
3.2.2 Fungi Are Used
3.2.3 Algae Usage
3.2.4 Nanomaterials Are Being Synthesized for Use as Biological Templates
3.2.5 Plant Components Are Used to Prepare Nanomaterials
3.2.6 Physical Methods Can Be Used to Prepare Nanomaterials
3.3 Characterizations of Nanomaterials
3.3.1 Nanoparticle Surface Morphology, Surface Area, Size, and Shape
3.3.2 Mineral and Element Content Determination
3.3.3 Nanoparticle Structure and Bonding Types
3.4 Nanomaterial Applications in Biogas Production
3.4.1 Role of Biological Sensors for the Monitoring of Biogas
3.4.2 Nanomaterial
3.4.3 Role of Oxides of Metal Nano Particles in Anaerobic Ingestion Process
3.4.4 Influences on the Yield of Biogas
3.4.5 Influences on the Stability of Oxygen Limiting Ingestion Method
3.4.6 Influences on the Contaminants Like Hydrogen Sulphide for the Production of Biogas
3.4.7 Influence of Metal Nanomaterial (Zero-Valance) for the Production of Biogas
3.4.8 Influences on the Yield of Biogas
3.4.9 Influences on the Stability of Oxygen Limiting Ingestion Method
3.4.10 Influences on the Contaminants like Hydrogen Sulphide for the Production of Biogas
3.5 Role of Carbon Nano Particles in Anaerobic Ingestion Process
3.5.1 Influences on the Yield of Biogas
3.5.2 Influences on the Stability of Oxygen Limiting Ingestion Method
3.5.3 Influences on the Contaminants Like Hydrogen Sulphide for the Production of Biogas
3.5.4 Role of Mixture of Nano Particles in Anaerobic Ingestion Process
3.5.5 Impact on Environment on Biogas Generation and Nanoparticle Recovery Technologies Within the AD System
3.5.6 Limit the Effects of Nanomaterials on Biogas Generation on the Atmosphere
3.5.7 Recovery of Nanomaterial in the Anaerobic Digestion Reactor
3.5.8 Analysis of Energy and Costs Based on NPs Supply
3.6 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biohydrogen Production
3.6.1 Biohydrogen Production
3.6.2 Hydrogen Production Via Dark Fermentation
3.6.3 Fe and FeO -NPs in Biohydrogen Generation
3.6.4 Synthesis of Biohydrogen by Nickel Nanoparticles
3.6.5 TiO2 Nanoparticles Are Used to Produce Biohydrogen
3.6.6 Biohydrogen Can Be Produced Utilizing a Variety of Nanoparticles
3.6.7 Enhancement of Biohydrogen Production in Dark Fermentation with Nano Zero-Valent Iron Implanted on Chitosan
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbial Assisted Synthesis of Nanophotocatalysts for Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Generation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biohydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation
4.2.1 The Process
4.2.1.1 Microbiology
4.2.1.2 Biochemistry
4.2.2 The Two Hydrogen-Producing Pathways
4.3 Mechanism of Synthesis of Microorganism-Assisted Nanoparticles
4.3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Biohydrogen Production
4.3.2 The Influence of Nanoparticles on Dark Fermentative for Hydrogen Generation
4.3.2.1 Chemical-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles Dark Fermentative H2 Production
Nickel Nanoparticles
Cobalt Nanoparticles
Iron Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Ag Nanoparticles
4.3.2.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Dark Fermentative H2 Production
Paladium Nanoparticles
Cu-NPs
NiO-NPs
Fe3O4 NPs
Ag NPs
4.4 The Large-Scale Production, Merits, and Demerits
4.4.1 Merits
4.4.2 Demerits
4.5 Safety Issues and Concerns
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Green Route Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles for Biohydrogen Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Green Routes Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles
5.2.1 Synthesis of Iron NPs from Plant Biomaterials
5.2.2 Synthesis by Microorganisms
5.3 Mechanism of Green Route Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles
5.4 Applications of Green Iron Nanoparticles for Biohydrogen Production
5.4.1 Biohydrogen
5.4.2 Mechanism for Biohydrogen Production Using Iron Nanoparticles
5.4.3 Green Iron Nanoparticles for Biohydrogen Production
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6: Synthesis and Application of Nanoengineered Cellulosic Biomass in Biohydrogen Production
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pretreatment Process
6.2.1 Types of Pretreatment Process
6.2.1.1 Physical Methods
6.2.1.2 Chemical Methods
6.2.1.3 Biological Methods
6.2.1.4 Nanotechnological Approach
Production of Carbon-Based Solid Catalyst
Solid Acid Catalysts
Synthesis of Acid Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Alkylsulfonic Acid Functionalized (AS) NPs
Synthesis of Propyl Sulfonic Acid Functionalized NPs
Synthesis of Magnetic Oxide (Fe3O4) NPs
6.2.1.5 Nano-Scale Shear Hybrid Alkaline Pretreatment
6.3 Cellulosic Hydrolysis
6.3.1 Nanoparticles in Enzymatic Hydrolysis
6.3.2 Synthesis of Iron (II) Oxide NPs
6.3.3 Synthesis of MnO2 NPs
6.3.4 Synthesis of Magnetite NPs
6.3.5 Synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs
6.3.6 Synthesis of Sulfonated Magnetic Carbonaceous Acid NPs
6.3.7 Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide NPs
6.3.8 Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Microspheres
6.3.9 Advantages of Nanoparticles in Enzyme Properties
6.4 Microbial Fermentation for Biohydrogen Production
6.4.1 Types of Microorganisms Used in Biohydrogen Production (Dark Fermentation)
6.5 Nanotechnology in Biological Fermentation
6.5.1 Synthesis OF NPs
6.5.2 Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 NPs
6.5.3 Synthesis of AgNPs
6.5.4 Green Synthesis of PdNPs Using C. sativum Leaf Extract
6.5.5 Synthesis of FeNPs Using S. cumini Leaf Extract
6.6 Recent Advancements and Future Perspective
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Bioethanol Production
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Nanotechnology in Biofuels
7.1.2 Nanoparticles
7.1.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.1.3.1 Physical Methods
7.1.3.2 Chemical Methods
7.1.3.3 Biological Methods
Plant-Based Nanoparticles
Microbe-Based Nanoparticles
7.2 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.2.1 Bacteria in Nanoparticles Synthesis
7.2.2 Fungi in Nanoparticles Synthesis
7.2.3 Yeasts in Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.2.4 Algae in Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.3 Role of Nanotechnology in Production of Biofuels
7.3.1 Biodiesel Production
7.3.2 Biohydrogen Production
7.3.3 Biogas Production
7.4 Nanoparticles in Bioethanol Production
7.4.1 Basic Steps in the Process of Bioethanol Production
7.4.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass using Nanoparticles
7.4.3 Enzyme Immobilization on Nanoparticles to Improve Bioethanol Yield
7.5 Factors Influencing the Role of Nanoparticles in Production of Bioethanol
7.5.1 Size and Shape
7.5.2 Temperature
7.5.3 pH
7.5.4 Concentration of Nanoparticles
7.5.5 Method of Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.5.6 Immobilization of Nanoparticles
7.5.7 Stability and Reusability of Nanoparticles
7.6 Future Prospects of Nanoparticles in Bioethanol Production
7.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials from Biomass Waste for Biodiesel Production
8.1 Introduction to Biofuel
8.2 Introduction to Nanoparticles
8.3 Benefits of Nanomaterials from Agro-Based Materials
8.4 Synthesis of Different Nanomaterials from Agro-Wastes
8.4.1 Graphene
8.4.2 Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs)
8.4.3 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNP)
8.5 Synthesis of Biofuel by Biomass: Renewable Technologies
8.6 Reaction Mechanism for Biodiesel Production
8.7 Enhancement in Biomass Conversion: Use of Nano-Catalysts
8.8 Green Synthesized Nano-Catalyst for Biofuel Production: Application
8.8.1 Magnetic Nano-Sized Materials
8.9 Future Prospects
8.10 Conclusion
References