Author(s): A.K. Bandyopadhyay
Publisher: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 321
Tags: Специальные дисциплины;Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии;Наноматериаловедение;
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2. Basics of Quantum Mechanics......Page 21
1.2.1. Differential Equations of Wave Mechanics......Page 22
1.2.2. Background of Quantum Mechanics......Page 25
1.2.3. Origin of the Problem : Quantization of Energy......Page 26
1.2.4. Development of New Quantum Theory......Page 27
1.2.5. Quantum Mechanical Way : The Wave Equations......Page 29
1.2.6. The Wave Function......Page 35
1.3.1. The Vibrating Object......Page 38
1.3.2. Quantum Mechanical Oscillator......Page 39
Preamble......Page 42
1.4.1. Fundamentals of Magnetism......Page 43
1.4.2. Antisymmetrization......Page 44
1.4.3. Concept of Singlet and Triplet States......Page 46
1.4.4. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism......Page 47
1.5.1. The Bloch Function......Page 50
1.5.2. The Bloch Theorem......Page 51
1.5.3. Band Structure in 3-Dimensions......Page 54
Preamble......Page 57
1.6.1.1. The Isomer Shift......Page 59
1.6.1.2. The Quadrupole Splitting......Page 60
1.6.1.4. A Interpretation of the Mossbauer Data......Page 61
1.6.1.5. Collective Magnetic Excitation......Page 63
1.6.1.6. Spin Canting......Page 64
Preamble......Page 66
1.6.2.1. The Theory of ESR......Page 67
1.6.2.2. ESR Spectra of Iron containing Materials......Page 68
17.1. Electrodynamics and Light......Page 69
17.2. Transition Dipole Bracket......Page 70
17.3. Transition Probabilities for Absorption......Page 71
17.4. The Stimulated Emission......Page 74
17.5. The Spontaneous Emission......Page 75
17.6. The Optical Transition......Page 77
1.8.1. Quantum Mechanical Covalency......Page 78
1.9.1. Anisotropy in Single Crystal......Page 82
References......Page 84
2.1.1. Important Properties......Page 86
2.1.3. Other Engineering Applications......Page 87
2.2. Introduction......Page 88
2.2.2. Problem of Preparing Nano Particles......Page 89
2.2.3. Sintering of Ceramics......Page 90
2.3.1.1. How Batch Attritors Work......Page 92
2.3.1.2. Preparation of Nano Particles......Page 93
2.3.1.3. Nano Particles of SiC......Page 94
2.3.2. Optimization of the Attrition Milling......Page 95
2.4. Sintering of SiC......Page 101
2.4.1. Role of Dopants......Page 102
2.4.2. Role of Carbon......Page 104
2.5. X-ray Diffraction Data......Page 105
2.5.1. X-ray Data Analysis......Page 106
2.5.2.1. Dislocation Behaviour......Page 109
2.6.3. Transmission Electron Microscope......Page 111
2.6.4. Sample Preparation for TEM Study......Page 112
2.7.3.1. Role of Aluminum Nitride......Page 113
2.7.3.2. Role of Boron Carbide......Page 115
2.7.3.3. Effect of Carbon......Page 117
2.7.3.4. Effect of Atmosphere......Page 127
References......Page 132
Preamble......Page 136
3.2. Other Methods for Nano Materials......Page 137
3.2.1. Novel Techniques for Synthesis of Nano Particles......Page 138
3.3.2. Nano Particles of Alumina......Page 140
3.4. Microwave Sintering of Nano Particles......Page 144
3.4.1. Microwave Sintering Route......Page 145
3.4.3. Sintering Procedures of Nano Particles......Page 147
3.5.1. Electron Microscopy......Page 148
3.5.2. Sample Preparation for TEM and SEM Study......Page 149
3.6. Wear Materials and Nano Composites......Page 150
3.6.2. Nano Composite Alumina Ceramics......Page 152
3.7.1. Applications of Zirconia......Page 154
3.7.2. Synthesis of Nano Particles of Zirconia......Page 155
3.7.2.1. Sol-Emulsion-Gel Technique......Page 156
3.7.2.2. The Sol-Gel Technique......Page 157
3.7.3. Phase Trasnsformation in Nano Particles of Zirconia......Page 159
3.7.4. Characteristics of Nano Particles of Zirconia......Page 160
3.7.5. Sintering of Nano Particles of Zirconia......Page 162
References......Page 163
4.1. Theoretical Aspects......Page 167
4.1.1. Data Analysis of Theoretical Strength......Page 170
4.2.1. The Basic Concepts......Page 171
4.2.2. Wiebull Theory......Page 173
4.2.3. Stress Intensity Factor......Page 174
4.3.2.1. Flexural Strength......Page 175
4.4. Mechanical Properties......Page 176
4.4.2. Flexural Strength of α-SiC......Page 177
4.4.3. Microstructure......Page 181
References......Page 186
5.1. Introduction......Page 188
5.1.2. Paramagnetics......Page 189
5.1.4. The Spinels......Page 190
5.1.6. Structural Ordering of Ferrites......Page 192
5.1.7. The Mechanism of Spontaneous Magnetization of Ferrites......Page 193
5.1.8. Magnetization of Ferrites and Hysteresis......Page 194
5.2. Super-Paramagnetism......Page 196
5.3. Material Preparation......Page 199
5.4 Magnetization Data of Nano Particles of Magnetite
......Page 200
5.4.1. Variation of Temperature and Magnetic Field......Page 202
5.4.2. Magnetic Characteristics of Blank Glass......Page 204
5.4.3. Magnetic Characteristics of the 700 and 900 Samples......Page 205
5.4.4. Lattice Expansion in Ferrites with Nano Particles......Page 209
5.5. Mossbauer Data of Nano Particles of Magnetite......Page 211
5.5.1. Hyperfine Field in Nano Particles......Page 214
5.5.2. Spin Canting in Nano Particles of Magnetite......Page 218
5.6. ESR Spectroscopy......Page 221
Preamble......Page 225
5.7.2. Nucleation and Crystallization Behaviour......Page 226
5.7.3. Small Angle Neutron Scattering......Page 231
5.7.4. Interpretation of the SANS Data......Page 233
5.7.5. Preparations for the SANS Study......Page 234
5.7.6. SANS Data for Nano Particles......Page 235
5.7.6.1. Validity of James’ Assumptions......Page 236
5.7.6.2. Nucleation Maximum and Guinier Radius of Nano Particles......Page 240
5.7.6.3. Ostwald Ripening for Nano Particles and the Growth......Page 241
5.7.7. Redissolution Process for Nano Particles......Page 242
References......Page 246
6.1.2. Preparation of Glasses with Nano Particles......Page 248
6.1.3.1. Electrical Conduction in Bismuth Glasses......Page 250
6.1.3.2. Electrical Conduction in Selenium Glasses......Page 253
6.1.3.3. Tunneling Conduction in Nano Particles......Page 256
6.2.1. Introduction......Page 261
6.2.2. Preparation of Nano Particles and Conductivity Measurements......Page 262
6.2.3. DC Conduction Data of Nano Particles......Page 263
6.2.3.1. Correlation between Electronic Conduction and Magnetic Data......Page 264
6.2.4. AC Conduction Data of Nano Particles......Page 265
6.2.5. Verwey Transition of Nano Particles......Page 267
6.2.6. Electrical Conductivity of Other Nano Particles......Page 269
6.2.7. Impurity States in Electronic Conduction......Page 270
References......Page 271
7.1. Introduction......Page 273
7.2.3. The Non-Linear Refractive Index......Page 274
7.2.5. The Reflection......Page 275
7.3.1. Accidental Anisotropy-Birefringence-Elasto-Optic Effect......Page 276
7.3.2.1. The Electro-Optic Effect......Page 277
7.3.2.2. The Acousto-Optic Effect......Page 278
7.4.1. Absorption in Glasses......Page 279
7.4.2. The Colour Centres : Photochromy......Page 280
7.4.3.2. The Silver and Copper Rubies......Page 281
7.4.4. The Luminescent Glasses......Page 282
7.4.4.1. The Laser Glasses......Page 283
7.4.4.2. Some Examples of Nano Particles......Page 285
References......Page 286
8.1. Process of Synthesis of Nano Powders......Page 288
8.1.1.1. Precursor Alkoxides......Page 289
8.1.1.2. Chemical Reactions in Solution......Page 290
8.1.1.3. The Process Details......Page 291
8.1.1.4. Behaviour of Some Gels......Page 292
8.1.2. Electro Deposition......Page 294
8.1.2.1. Electro-Deposition of Inorganic Materials......Page 295
8.1.2.2. Nano-Phase Deposition Methodology......Page 296
8.1.2.3. Electro-Deposition of Nano Composites......Page 297
8.1.3. Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition......Page 298
8.1.4.1. Gas-Phase Condensation Methods......Page 299
8.1.5. Sputtering of Nano Crystalline Powders......Page 300
Preamble......Page 301
8.2.1.1. Structure and Function......Page 302
8.2.1.2. Preparation of Nano-Optics......Page 303
8.2.1.3. Integration Modes......Page 304
8.2.1.5. Photonic Band Gap......Page 305
8.2.1.6. Optical Chips > Semiconductor to MEMS......Page 306
8.2.1.7. Subwavelength Optical Elements (SOEs)......Page 307
8.2.1.8. Novel Properties of Nano Vanadium Dioxide......Page 309
8.2.2.1. Magnetic Semiconductors......Page 310
8.2.2.2. Spin Electronics (Spintronics)......Page 311
8.2.3.1. The Semiconductors......Page 313
8.2.3.4. The Quantum Wires......Page 314
8.3.1. Microelectronics for High Density Integrated Circuits......Page 315
8.3.3. Piezoresistance of Nano-Crystalline Porous Silicon......Page 317
8.3.5. MEMS based Gas Sensor......Page 318
References......Page 320