Nano-biosorbents for Decontamination of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Front Cover
Nano-biosorbents for Decontamination of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Basics principles
Chapter 1: Nano-biosorbents for contaminant removal: An introduction
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Nanobiopolymers
1.2.1. Nanocellulose
1.2.2. Nanochitin
1.2.3. Nanosilk
1.2.4. Nanostarch
1.2.5. Microbial nanobiopolymers
1.3. Nanobiopolymer fabrication techniques
1.3.1. Nanocellulose isolation
1.3.2. Nanochitin isolation
1.3.3. Nanosilk isolation
1.3.4. Nanostarch isolation
1.3.5. Microbial nanobiopolymers
1.4. Environmental applications of nanobiopolymers
1.5. Conclusion
1.6. Future outlook
References
Chapter 2: Introduction to nano-biosorbents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Concept of biosorption
2.3. Incorporation of nanotechnology with biosorption
2.3.1. Magnetic modification of the nano-biosorbents
2.3.2. Immobilization onto solid surface
2.3.3. Engineering of nanoscale zero-valent metals
2.4. Green approach for contaminants removal using nano-biosorbents
2.4.1. Removal of organic pollutants
2.4.2. Removal of inorganic pollutants
2.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Nanobiosorbents: Basic principles, synthesis, and application for contaminants removal
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Fundamentals of nanobiosorption
3.3. General preparation of nanobiosorbents
3.3.1. Mechanical mixing of the components
3.3.2. In situ particles synthesis
3.4. Common natural biopolymers based nanobiosorbents
3.4.1. Nanobiosorbents based on cellulosic material
3.4.2. Nanobiosorbents based on chitin/chitosan
3.4.3. Nanobiosorbents based on starch
3.4.4. Nanobiosorbents based on gums
3.4.5. Nanobiosorbents based on alginate
3.4.6. Nanobiosorbents based on pectin
3.5. Applications of nanobiosorbents in contaminants removal
3.6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interests
References
Chapter 4: Methods for the synthesis of nano-biosorbents for the contaminant removal
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Types of nano-biosorbents
4.3. Methods for the synthesis of nano-biosorbents and their applications
4.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: An insight into the potential contaminants, their effects, and removal means
5.1. Contaminants of concern
5.2. Understanding the major contaminants and sources
5.3. Metals, metalloids, organometals
5.3.1. Arsenic
5.3.2. Lead
5.3.3. Mercury
5.4. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs)
5.4.1. Pesticides
5.4.2. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5.5. Removal of emerging contaminants
5.5.1. ECs removal methods based on physical interaction
Adsorption applications
Membrane process
Membranes for removal of emerging contaminants from water: Which kind of membranes should we use?
ECs removal by hybrid systems
5.5.2. Chemical operations
Chlorination
Ozonation
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)
Fenton process
Photolysis
5.5.3. Biological applications
Conventional processes
Non-conventional processes
5.6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Advantages of nanoadsorbents, biosorbents, and nanobiosorbents for contaminant removal
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Types of contaminants
6.2.1. Dyes
Cationic dyes
Anionic dyes
Non-ionic dyes
6.2.2. Heavy metal
6.2.3. Pharmaceutical drugs
6.2.4. Pesticides/insecticides
6.2.5. Other contaminants
6.3. Different methods for wastewater treatment
6.3.1. Electrochemical method
6.3.2. Coagulation and flocculation
6.3.3. Ion-exchange process
6.3.4. Membrane filtration
6.3.5. Chemical precipitation
6.3.6. Sorption method
6.4. Biosorption
6.5. Factors affecting the biosorption process
6.5.1. Effect of pH
6.5.2. Effect of temperature
6.5.3. Effect of initial pollutions concentration
6.5.4. Effect of biosorbent dose
6.5.5. Effect of contact time
6.5.6. Effect of agitation rate
6.6. Types of adsorbents and their properties in wastewater treatment
6.6.1. Agricultural waste materials
6.6.2. Industrial by-products
6.6.3. Marine materials
6.6.4. Microbial biosorbents
Bacteria as biosorbent
Algae as biosorbent
Fungi as biosorbent
6.6.5. Soil and ore materials
6.6.6. Nanoadsorbent
6.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Nanomaterials for removal of heavy metals from wastewater
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Pollution sources and treatment strategies
7.3. Metal based-nanomaterials
7.4. Metal oxide-based nanomaterials
7.4.1. Iron oxide-based nanomaterials
7.4.2. Manganese oxide based nanomaterials
7.4.3. TiO2-/ZnO-based nanomaterials
7.4.4. Aluminum oxide-based nanomaterials
7.4.5. MgO based nanomaterials
7.4.6. Cerium/zirconium oxide-based nanomaterials
7.5. Biochar-supported NMs
7.6. Biochar-supported nanoparticles heavy metals treatment
7.7. Heavy metals elimination via adsorption
7.8. Heavy metals removal through photocatalysis
7.9. Photo-Fenton and Fenton reactions
7.10. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Nanosorbents for heavy metals removal
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Inorganic NMs
8.2.1. Transition metal oxide NMs
Iron oxide NMs
Magnetic (Fe3O4) NMs
Maghemite (c-Fe2O3) nanoparticles
Hematite (a-Fe2O3) NPs
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles
Titanium oxide NPs and titanate nanostructures
Miscellaneous
8.2.2. Transition metal NPs
Gold NPs
Silver NPs
Iron NPs
8.2.3. Transition metal-sulfide NPs
8.2.4. Carbon-based NMs
Carbon-NTs and surface modified NTs
Graphene and GO nanomaterials
8.2.5. SiO2-supported NMs
8.3. Polymer-organic NMs
8.4. Polymer-supported organic NCs
8.5. Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Non-toxic nature of nano-biosorbents as a positive approach toward green environment
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Nano-biosorbents surface modification for environmental remediation
9.2.1. Chitosan
Action exhibited by the examples on test living organism
9.2.2. Alginate nano-biosorbents
Magnetic modification
Immobilization
Nanoscale zero-valent metals
9.2.3. Nanocelullose
Nanocellulose composites
Nanocellulose modification
9.3. Magnetic nanoparticles immobilized as nano-biosorbent
9.4. Application in heavy metal removal
9.5. Application emerging contaminant
9.6. Application classic contaminant
9.7. Advantages of nano-engineered adsorbent and future prospects
References
Chapter 10: Nanoadsorbents for environmental remediation of polluting agents
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Nanoadsorbents and their useful aspects
10.3. Carbon-based nanoadsorbents
10.3.1. Carbon nanotubes-based nanoadsorbent materials
10.3.2. Graphene-based nanoadsorbent materials
10.4. Nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials
10.4.1. Metallic nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials
10.4.2. Biogenic nanoparticles-based nanoadsorbent materials
10.5. Concluding remarks and outlook
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Part II: Cellulose-based nanobiosorbents for decontamination of environmental matrices
Chapter 11: Risk assessment of nanocellulose exposure
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Risk assessment framework
11.2.1. Hazard identification
11.2.2. Exposure assessment
11.2.3. Risk estimation
11.2.4. Risk management
11.3. Guidelines and regulations
11.4. Conclusions and implications of the study
References
Chapter 12: Cellulose-based nanobiosorbents: An insight
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Nanocellulose and its sources
12.2.1. Plant cellulose
12.2.2. Tunicates and algal cellulose (AC)
12.2.3. Bacterial cellulose
12.3. Types of nanocellulose
12.3.1. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)
12.3.2. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)
12.4. Environmental and agricultural applications of nanocellulose
12.5. Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chapter 13: Synthesis and properties of cellulose-based nanobiosorbents
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Nanocellulose
13.3. Isolation of nanocellulose from various sources
13.3.1. Isolation of nanocellulose from forest residue
13.3.2. Isolation of nanocellulose from agricultural residue
13.3.3. Isolation of nanocellulose from algae waste
13.3.4. Isolation of nanocellulose from industrial by-product
13.4. Properties of nanocellulose
13.4.1. Physical, mechanical, and rheological properties
13.4.2. Chemical and thermal properties
13.4.3. Electrical and optical properties of nanocellulose
13.4.4. Biological properties of nanocellulose
13.5. Characterization of nanocellulose
13.6. Surface modification of nanocellulose
13.6.1. Functionalization to impart ionic charge on nanocellulose
Phosphorylation
Carboxymethylation
Oxidation
Sulfonation
13.6.2. Functionalization to generate hydrophobic surface
Acetylation
Etherification
Silylation
Amidation
Urithenization
13.7. Nanocellulose-based nanocomposites
13.8. Bacterial nanocellulose
13.9. Properties of BNC
13.10. Applications of nanocellulose
13.10.1. Application in paper and packaging industry
13.10.2. Energy and electronics industry
Flexible electronics
Digital display and light-emitting diodes (LED)
Opto electronics
Energy harvesting and storage
13.10.3. Applications in biomedical field
Drug delivery system
Tissue engineering
Cardiovascular implant
Antibacterial/antimicrobial activity
13.10.4. Application as adsorbent for environmental remediation
Heavy metal removal
Dye removal
Organic pollutant adsorption
Oil adsorption
Removal of air pollutants
13.10.5. Nanocellulose-based membrane for water treatment
13.10.6. Nanocellulose for gas separation
13.11. Challenges and future perspectives
13.12. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Introduction to cellulose-based nanobiosorbents
14.1. Contextualization
14.2. Classification and preparation of CN structures
14.3. Adsorption/desorption process
14.3.1. Types and regeneration process
14.3.2. Desorption/regeneration process
14.4. Final remarks and future perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Cellulose composites as nanobiosorbents for ecological remediation
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Ecological remediation by cellulose nanocomposites
15.2.1. Air filtration
15.2.2. Water treatment
Ions removal
Cations
Anions
Dyes removal
Drugs removal
Pesticides removal
15.2.3. Soil remediation
15.3. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Modification and derivatization of cellulose-based nanobiosorbents and their utilization in environmental rem ...
16.1. Cellulose-based nanomaterials as biosorbents
16.1.1. Structural properties of cellulose
16.1.2. Classification of nanocellulose
16.1.3. Production of nanocellulose
16.1.4. Advantages of nanocellulose as biosorbents
16.1.5. Limitations of nanocellulose production
16.2. Molecular functionalization of cellulose-based materials
16.2.1. Carboxylate-based modification
16.2.2. Sulfur-based modification
16.2.3. Chemical modification with amines
16.2.4. Phosphorylation of cellulose
16.2.5. Hydrophobic nanocellulose
16.3. Inorganic nanostructures modified cellulose: Improved multifunctional adsorbents
16.4. Adsorbents with photocatalytic/antibacterial functions
16.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Cellulose-based nano-biosorbents in water purification
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Cellulose and its application
17.2.1. Cellulose in water purification
17.3. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of dyes
17.4. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of heavy metals
17.5. Cellulose-based composites for the removal of pharmaceuticals
17.6. Conclusion
References
Part III: Chitosan-based nanobiosorbents for deterioration of environmental matrices
Chapter 18: Toxic metals adsorption from water using chitosan nanoderivatives
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Arsenic
18.3. Cadmium
18.4. Chromium
18.5. Mercury
18.6. Lead
18.7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: Toxicological impact and adsorptive removal of triclosan from water bodies using chitosan and carbon-based n
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Occurrence, persistence, and ecological impacts of triclosan
19.3. Toxicity and ecological effects of TCS
19.3.1. Genotoxicity
19.3.2. Reproductive, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity
19.3.3. Neurotoxicity
19.3.4. Carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity
19.3.5. Combined toxicity
19.3.6. Inducing microbial resistance
19.3.7. Toxic effect of transformed products
19.3.8. Ecosystem impact
19.4. Treatment technologies for removing TCS
19.5. Removal of TCS by adsorption techniques
19.5.1. Activated carbon
19.5.2. Magnetic activated carbon
19.5.3. Chitosan/carbon nanotubes based adsorbents
19.5.4. Diatomite
19.5.5. TCS-CTS-Fe0-MIP
19.5.6. Combined processes for TCS removal
19.5.7. Triclosan removal by MOFs
19.6. Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Part IV: Multifarious biopolymers as nanobiosorbents for decontamination of environmental matrices
Chapter 20: Sorbent based on citrus peel waste for wastewater treatment
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Characteristics of citrus peel waste
20.2.1. Sorption properties of citrus fruit waste
20.3. Conversion of citrus fruit waste to activated carbon
20.3.1. Characteristics of activated carbon
20.3.2. Activated carbon production and physicochemical properties
20.3.3. Possible surface groups on activated carbon materials
20.3.4. Conversion of orange peel waste into activated carbon and its application
20.3.5. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from citrus peel waste
20.4. Electrochemical properties of active carbon materials based on citrus fruits
20.5. Regeneration of active carbon material
20.6. Discussions
20.7. Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21: Alginate-based nanobiosorbents for bioremediation of environmental pollutants
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Synthesis of alginate-based composites
21.3. Role of alginate-based composites for removal of heavy metals
21.3.1. Carbonaceous/polymeric-based sodium alginate composites
21.3.2. Nanomaterials-based sodium alginate composites
21.4. Role of alginate-based composites for removal of dyes
21.4.1. Carbonaceous/polymeric-based sodium alginate composites
21.4.2. Nanomaterials-based sodium alginate composites
21.5. Removal of radionuclides
21.6. Removal of pharmaceutical contaminants
21.7. Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 22: Synthesis of novel nanobioadsorbent for the effective removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions-Adsorption, eq
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Materials and methods
22.2.1. Reagents
22.2.2. Nanobioadsorbent preparation
22.2.3. Adsorption equilibrium experiments
22.2.4. Adsorption kinetics and mechanism experiments
22.2.5. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology
22.3. Results and discussion
22.3.1. Characterization of adsorbents
22.3.2. Effect of pH
22.3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage
22.3.4. Effect of initial concentration
22.3.5. Effect of contact time
22.3.6. Adsorption isotherms
22.3.7. Adsorption kinetics
22.3.8. Central composite design model
22.3.9. Statistical analysis
22.3.10. Process optimization
22.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23: Nanocrystalline NiO powder: Synthesis, characterization and emerging applications
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Methods for synthesis and characterization of NiO powder
23.2.1. Method for synthesis
23.2.2. Characterization techniques
23.3. Structures and properties of nanocrystalline NiO powders
23.3.1. Structural studies
23.3.2. Magnetic properties
23.3.3. Electron paramagnetic studies
23.4. Emerging applications
23.4.1. Environmental remediation
23.4.2. Biomedical application
23.4.3. Catalytic application
23.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 24: Attraction to adsorption: Preparation methods and performance of novel magnetic biochars for water and wastew ...
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Synthesis and preparation methods
24.3. Magnetic properties
24.4. Adsorption applications
24.4.1. Inorganic pollutants
24.4.2. Organic pollutants
24.4.3. Complex mixtures
24.5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 25: Biomass-derived nanocomposites: A critical evaluation of their performance toward the capture of inorganic po ...
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Biomass-derived adsorbents
25.2.1. Biosorbents
25.2.2. Pristine biochar
25.2.3. Activated carbon
25.2.4. Lignin
25.2.5. Graphene
25.3. Synthesis of nanocomposites
25.3.1. In-situ development of nanoparticles
25.3.2. Blending of constituents
25.3.3. Functionalization of carbon phase
25.4. Active phases
25.4.1. Metals and alloys
25.4.2. Metal oxides and oxyhydroxides
25.4.3. Minerals
25.4.4. Magnetic phases
25.5. Adsorbents for aqueous pollutants
25.5.1. Hexavalent chromium
25.5.2. Lead
25.5.3. Arsenic
25.5.4. Copper
25.5.5. Cadmium
25.5.6. Uranium
25.5.7. Other aqueous pollutants
25.6. Adsorbents for pollutants in gaseous forms
25.6.1. Flue gases
25.6.2. Biogas
25.7. Adsorbents for soil remediation
25.8. Conclusions-perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 26: Magnetic nanomaterials-based biosorbents
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Fabrication of efficient magnetic nanomaterial biosorbents
26.3. Surface modification of the selective magnetic nanoparticles
26.4. Applications
26.4.1. Removal/mitigation of heavy metals
26.4.2. Removal/mitigation of organic compounds
26.5. Determined the cost of MB
26.6. Discard and exploitation of MBs from wastewater
26.7. Conclusion
References
Index
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