Myogenesis in Development and Disease

Series Page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
“What Did Maxwell’s
Equations Really Have to Do With
Edison’s Invention?”: Addressing
the Complexity of Developing
Clinical Interventions for Skeletal
Muscle Disease
Introduction
The Innovation System Pipeline Leading to Clinical Intervention Creation
The Relevance of Health Economics and Population Health in Decision-Making and the Complexity of a Degenerating Muscle
The Price of Failure
Concluding Comments
References
Further Reading
The Muscle Stem Cell Niche in Health and Disease
Introduction
The Perinatal MuSC Niche
The Quiescent MuSC Niche
The Regenerative MuSC Niche
The Inflammatory Niche
The Mitogenic Niche
The Differentiative Niche
The MuSC Niche in Aging
The Pathologic MuSC Niche
Targeting the Niche for Therapy
Concluding Remarks
References
Translational Control of the Myogenic Program in Developing, Regenerating, and Diseased Skeletal Muscle
Introduction
Regulation of Translation
Myogenesis
Cell Fate Choices by Multipotent Progenitors
Multiple Sequential Steps Define the Myogenic Program
Establishment of the Muscle Stem Cell Pool
MicroRNA Regulation of the Myogenic Program
MicroRNA Regulation of Embryonic Myogenesis
Dicer Mutants
MicroRNA Regulation of Myogenic Determination
MyomiRs
MicroRNA Regulation of Quiescent Satellite Cells
Intronic MicroRNAs Enforce the Activity of Host Genes Throughout Myogenesis
MicroRNA Dysregulation in Muscle Disease
Regulation of MicroRNA Activity With Long Noncoding RNAs
Future Directions
Regulation of the Myogenic Program by RNA-Binding Proteins (RBPs)
Cooperation Between MicroRNAs and RBP Regulation of Gene Expression
Satellite Cells Are Regulated by Translational Control Mechanisms Impacting Global Protein Synthesis
Regulation of Global Protein Synthesis
The Phosphorylation of eIF2α Is a Translational Control Mechanism Responding to Various Cellular Stresses
Regulation of Satellite Cells by mTorc1
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
The Composition, Development, and Regeneration of Neuromuscular Junctions
Neuromuscular Junction Composition and Function
NMJ Development and Maturation
NMJ Regeneration
NMJs and Diseases/Aging
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Cellular Biomechanics in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Introduction
Matrix Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Maintenance of Satellite Cell Quiescence
Induction of Satellite Cell Activation
Self-Renewal of Muscle Progenitor Cell Reserves
Myogenic Commitment and Differentiation
Migration of Myogenic Progenitor Cells
Myotube Formation and Reintegration
Influences of Mechanical Stimulation on Myogenesis
Stretch-Induced Myogenic Responses
Calcium-Dependent Mechanotransduction
Nitric Oxide Production
MMP-Motivated HGF Release
Gene Regulation
Inhibitory Effects of Stretch
Alternate Forms of Mechanical Stress
Pathological States of Matrix and Muscle
Aging
Muscular Dystrophies
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Fibrosis
Biomimetic Culture Systems for Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Medicine
Culture Substrate Stiffness to Maintain Stemness In Vitro
Patterning Cell Adhesion to Augment Differentiation
Biophysical Stimulation in Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering
Conclusions
References
Satellite Cell Self-Renewal
Introduction
Muscle Satellite Cells
Satellite Cell Heterogeneity
Intrinsic Regulation of Satellite Cell Self-Renewal
Pax7
Six1/4
Myod1
Myf5
Extrinsic Regulation of Satellite Cell Self-Renewal
ERK Signaling
Noncanonical Wnt7a Signaling
Calcitonin Receptor Signaling
p38 MAPK Signaling
Notch Signaling
Satellite Cell Metabolism
Concluding Remarks
References
“Known Unknowns”: Current Questions in Muscle Satellite Cell Biology
Introduction
Emerging Definition
Origins and Development
Heterogeneity
Exercise and Adaptation
Aging
Disease
Therapy
Of Mice and Men
Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Epigenetic Regulation of Adult Myogenesis
Introduction
Master Regulators in Adult Skeletal Myogenesis for Muscle Repair
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Epigenetic Control in Adult Myogenesis
Posttranslational Histone Tail Modifications as an Epigenetic Regulator
Histone Methylation
Methylation Modifications That Cause Gene Activation During Myogenesis
Histone Methylation Patterns to Maintain Quiescence
Changes in Methylation Patterns During Satellite Cell Activation and Proliferation
Histone Tail Methylation in Terminal Differentiation
Histone Acetylation Modifications With Histone Acetyltransferases andDeacetylases
Dynamic Histone Tail Acetylation Helps Regulate Changes in Gene Expression
Histone Deacetylases and Their Importance in Myogenesis
Class III HDACs Are Required for Satellite Cell Activation
Class I and II HDACs Help Prevent Differentiation in Myoblasts
Histone Acetylation Marks in Myogenesis
The p300 Histone Acetyltransferase Activates Myogenic Genes
Chaperones and Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes in Myogenesis
The SWI/SNF Complex Is Required for Myogenic Differentiation
The HIRA Complex Is a Histone Chaperone Required During Myogenesis
FACT Is Another Histone Chaperone Required for Myogenesis
Spt6 Helps Bridge UTX Demethylase to Its Target Histones
DNA Methylation as an Epigenetic Regulator in Myogenesis
DNA Methylation Controls Gene Expression to Regulate Cell Lineage andCellular Fate Transitions During Myogenesis
Global Analysis of DNA Methylation Patterns
Regulation of Specific Myogenic Regulatory Factors and Other Transcription Factors by DNA Methylation
Future Prospects in Myogenesis and DNA Methylation
Conclusion and Open Questions
Open-Ended Questions
Final Remarks
References
Dysregulated Myogenesis in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Introduction
Expression and Function of Myogenic Factors in RMS
Myogenesis Is Blocked in RMS Through Various Signaling Pathways
Pathogenic Regulators of Differentiation in RMS
PAX3/7-FOXO1 Fusion in ARMS
EZH2
MEF2 family
MicroRNAs
Future Directions
References
Muscle Stem Cells and Aging
Introduction
Age-Dependent Changes in Muscle Regeneration and Satellite Cell Function
Satellite Cell Behavior in the Absence of Injury
Cell Fate Decisions in Response to Activating Stimuli
A Loss of Satellite Cell Heterogeneity During Aging
The Aging Niche and Its Effect on SC Function
Circulatory Factors
Extracellular Matrix
Muscle Fiber-Derived Growth Factors
Cell-Autonomous Changes in Niche Sensing
Cell-Intrinsic Changes During Aging Impact Stem Cell Function
SCs From Aged Mice Possess a Cell-Autonomous Defect in Self-Renewal via Altered p38 MAPK
Increase in JAK/STAT Signaling Causes Aging in Satellite Cells
Spry1 Is Required for Satellite Cell Quiescence and Long-Term Satellite Cell Maintenance
p16-Mediated Senescence Limits Satellite Cell Function
Changes to the Satellite Cell Epigenome During Aging Impact Stem Cell Function
Recessive Epigenome Changes in Aged Satellite Cells at the Global Level
Epigenetic Regulation of Individual Genes
Metabolism and Aging in Satellite Cells
Mitochondrial Activity
Autophagy
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References