Mutation Breeding for Sustainable Food Production and Climate Resilience

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Mutation Breeding to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in the Era of Climate Change
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Climate Change and Food Security
1.2.1 Traits/Responses for Coping with Climate Change
1.3 Induced Genetic Variation
1.3.1 Mutation Breeding for Sustainable Food Production
1.3.2 Plant Mutant Resources
1.3.3 Current Progress on Advances in Induced Mutagenesis
1.4 Conclusions and Prospects
References
2: History of Plant Mutation Breeding and Global Impact of Mutant Varieties
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Discovery of Mutations
2.2.1 Muller´s Discovery of Induction of Mutations on Drosophila
2.2.1.1 ClB: An Elegant Technique
2.2.2 Stadler´s Discovery of Induction of Mutations in Plant Systems
2.3 Early Experiments with Induced Mutations
2.3.1 Classic Examples of Early Application of Induced Mutations
2.3.2 Gustafsson Builds Up the Momentum for Mutation Breeding
2.4 Techniques for Detection and Analysis of Induced Quantitative Variation
2.5 Discovery of Chemical Mutagenesis
2.5.1 Mechanism of Gene Mutation
2.6 Application of Mutation Technique in Crop Improvement
2.6.1 Ultra Modern Techniques of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement
2.6.1.1 High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP)
2.6.1.2 Ion Beam Technology (IBT)
2.6.1.3 Space Breeding Technology (SBT)
2.6.1.4 Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING)
2.6.1.5 Endonucleolytic Mutation Analysis by Internal Labelling (EMAIL)
2.7 Role of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement
2.8 Development of Crop Varieties Through Mutation Breeding: Global Scenario
2.8.1 Mutants in Recombination Breeding
2.9 Major Plant Traits Improved by Induced Mutations
2.9.1 Yield and Yield Components Improvement
2.9.2 Tolerance/Resistance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
2.9.2.1 Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses
2.9.2.2 Tolerance/Resistance to Biotic Stress
2.9.3 Grain Quality and Nutrition
2.9.4 Mutation Breeding for Improvement of Agronomic Traits
2.9.4.1 Plant Type, Growth Habit and Architecture
2.9.4.2 Flowering and Ripening Time
2.10 Social and Economic Impact of Mutation Breeding Technique in Crop Improvement
2.11 Conclusion
References
3: Physical and Chemicals Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of Physical and Chemicals Mutagens in Plant Breeding
3.2.1 Physical and Chemical Mutagens
3.2.1.1 Physical Mutagens
3.2.1.2 Chemical Mutagens
3.2.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Physical and Chemical Mutagens
3.3 Determination of Optimum Dosage for Mutation Induction
3.4 Mutagenesis
3.4.1 Mutagenesis of Seed
3.4.2 Mutagenesis of Vegetative Propagules
3.5 Combined Mutagenic Treatments
3.6 Mutations Screening
3.7 Impacts of Plant Mutation Breeding in Crop Plant Improvement
3.8 Future Outlook of Plant Mutation Breeding
3.9 Conclusion
References
4: Mutagenesis and Selection: Reflections on the In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches for Mutant Development
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Choice of the Starting Material
4.3 Doses to Be Used
4.4 Objective for Mutation Breeding
4.5 Generations
4.6 Screening Methodology
4.7 In Vitro Mutagenesis and Selection
4.8 In Vitro Cultures
4.9 Mutagens, Dose Optimization and Other Considerations
4.10 Somaclonal Mutant Varieties
4.11 Mutant Selection
4.11.1 Selection for Biotic Stress Tolerance
4.11.2 Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
4.11.3 Selection for Enhanced Nutritional Content
4.12 Concluding Remarks
References
5: Haploid Mutagenesis: An Old Concept and New Achievements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods of Doubled Haploid Production
5.2.1 Crosses with Haploidy-Inducing Lines
5.2.2 Wide Hybridisation Followed by Chromosome Elimination
5.2.3 In Vitro-Based Systems: Gynogenesis
5.2.4 In Vitro-Based Systems: Androgenesis
5.3 Haploid Mutagenesis
5.3.1 Explants Used for Mutagenic Treatment
5.3.2 Mutagens Utilised in Haploid Mutagenesis
5.3.3 Selection of Desired Phenotypes
5.4 Examples of Successful Haploid Mutagenesis
5.4.1 New Germplasm for Basic Research and Breeding
5.4.2 Modifications of Fatty Acids Profiles
5.4.3 Nitrogen Uptake Modifications
5.4.4 Disease Resistance
5.4.5 Cold Tolerance
5.5 Haploid Targeted Mutagenesis
References
6: Strategies for Screening Induced Mutants for Stress Tolerance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Strategies and Techniques for Improving Crop Efficiency Against Stresses
6.2.1 Important Considerations on Handling Mutated Populations and Mutant Lines
6.3 Screening for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
6.4 Considerations for Abiotic Stress Screening
6.5 Screening for Biotic Stress Tolerance
6.6 In Vitro Screening
6.7 Successful Examples of Mutagenesis for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance
6.8 Conclusions
References
7: Induced Mutagenesis for Developing Climate Resilience in Plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Climate Change and Associated Plant Functional Traits
7.3 Classical Mutagenesis and Plant Breeding
7.4 TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes)
7.5 Insertional Mutagenesis
7.6 Targeted Mutagenesis Using Gene Editing Tools
7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospectus
References
8: Molecular Markers for Mutant Characterization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Mutations
8.2.1 Classical Mutations
8.2.2 Epimutations
8.2.3 Gene-Tagged Mutants
8.2.4 Gene Silencing Mutants
8.2.5 Gene-Edited Mutants
8.2.6 Deletion Mutants
8.3 Characterization of Mutants
8.3.1 Morphological Markers
8.3.2 Biochemical Markers
8.3.3 DNA Markers
8.3.4 Transcriptome and miRNA Profiling
8.3.5 Transposable Element Markers
8.3.6 Retrotransposon Markers
8.3.7 DNA Transposon Markers
8.3.8 Markers to Detect Epimutations
8.4 Opportunities to Develop New Marker Systems
8.5 Conclusions and Prospects
References
9: Application of TILLING as a Reverse Genetics Tool to Discover Mutation in Plants Genomes for Crop Improvement
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING)
9.2.1 TILLING Process
9.3 Mutagenesis Agents
9.3.1 Chemical Agents
9.3.2 Physical Agents
9.4 DNA Extraction and Pooling
9.5 Mutation Detection Methods for TILLING
9.5.1 Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
9.5.2 Endonuclease Cleavage Followed by Electrophoresis
9.5.3 Alternate Approaches to LI-COR Screening
9.5.4 Conformation Sensitive Capillary Electrophoresis (CSCE)
9.5.5 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF)
9.5.6 High-Resolution Melt (HRM)
9.5.7 NGS-Based TILLING Approaches
9.6 Identification and Evaluation of the Individual Mutant
9.7 Bioinformatics Tools
9.8 Modified TILLING Approaches
9.8.1 EcoTILLING
9.8.2 Individualized TILLING (iTILLING)
9.8.3 VeggieTILLING
9.9 Application of TILLING in Crop Improvement
9.9.1 TILLING for Disease-Resistance Traits
9.9.2 TILLING for Abiotic Stress Tolerance Traits
9.9.3 TILLING for Plant Architecture
9.9.4 TILLING for Yield and Quality-Related Traits
9.10 TILLING Versus Genome Editing
9.11 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
10: Plant Mutagenesis Tools for Precision Breeding: Conventional CRISPR/Cas9 Tools and Beyond
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional and Pre-CRISPR Mutagenesis Tools
10.3 Basics of CRISPR/Cas-Based Tool
10.4 CRISPR-Based Tools for Genetic Engineering of Plants
10.4.1 Epigenetic Modification Tools
10.4.2 Knockout/Knockin Tools
10.4.3 Point Mutation Tools
10.4.3.1 DNA and RNA Base Editors
10.4.3.2 Prime Editor
10.4.4 CRISPR Tools for Directed Evolution
10.4.5 Transcriptional Regulation Tools
10.5 Agricultural Applications
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11: Crop Improvement Through Induced Genetic Diversity and Mutation Breeding: Challenges and Opportunities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Induced Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement
11.3 Examples of Recent Outcomes in Crop Improvement
11.4 Mutations in the Study of Plant Biology
11.5 Future Outlook
References
12: Induced Mutations for Development of New Cultivars and Molecular Analysis of Genes in Japan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mutation Breeding and Released Cultivars in Japan
12.2.1 The Number of Cultivars Developed by Mutation Breeding
12.2.2 The Economic Impact of Mutant Cultivars in Japan
12.3 Gamma Field Symposium and Selected Reports of Gamma Field Symposia
12.3.1 Some Recommended Reports of Gamma Field Symposia
12.3.1.1 Development of cv. Reimei Rice Through a Gamma-Ray Irradiation
12.3.1.2 Radiosensitivity of Soybean
12.3.1.3 Gene Regulation at the Waxy Locus in Rice (Low Amylose Content)
12.3.1.4 Analysis of Seed Protein Mutants and Development of Low-Protein Rice
12.3.1.5 Resistant Induction and Bioassay Screening of Alternaria Disease in Pear and Apple
12.3.1.6 Recurrent Mutation Breeding for Outcrossing Crops
12.3.1.7 Mutation Breeding of Chrysanthemum
12.3.1.8 Characteristics of Gamma Ray- and Ion Beam-Induced Mutations
12.3.1.9 Mutation Induction Through Ion-Beam Irradiation
12.3.1.10 Mutable Gene(s) or Transposon
12.4 Some Interesting Induced Mutations
12.4.1 Non-shattering Gene and Induction of Non-shattering Cultivars in Rice
12.4.2 Giant Embryo in Rice
12.4.3 Fatty Acid Composition, Lipoxygenase Lacking, and Glycinin Rich in Soybean
12.4.3.1 Fatty Acid Composition
12.4.3.2 Lipoxygenase Lacking
12.4.3.3 Glycinin Rich and Low Allergenicity
12.4.4 Super-Nodulation
12.4.5 Mendel´s Gene
12.4.6 Low-Cadmium Rice
12.4.7 Epicuticular Wax-Free Mutation of Sorghum
12.5 Achievement of Biological Research on Mutations Induced by Gamma Ray
12.5.1 Different Sizes and Locations of Deletions Generate Different Kinds of Phenotypes
12.5.2 Useful Mutations Induced with Acute or Chronic Gamma-Ray Irradiation
12.5.2.1 Phytochrome
12.5.2.2 Aluminum Tolerance
12.6 Conclusions
References
13: Role of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement with Special Reference to Indian Subcontinent
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Global Scenario of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement
13.2.1 Asia
13.2.1.1 China
13.2.1.2 Japan
13.2.1.3 Viet Nam
13.2.1.4 Thailand
13.2.1.5 South Korea
13.2.1.6 Myanmar
13.2.2 Europe
13.2.2.1 Sweden
13.2.2.2 Czech Republic
13.2.2.3 Germany
13.2.2.4 Italy
13.2.2.5 Finland
13.2.2.6 Bulgaria
13.2.3 North America
13.2.3.1 The USA
13.2.3.2 Canada
13.2.3.3 Mexico
13.2.4 Latin America
13.2.4.1 Argentina
13.2.4.2 Cuba
13.2.4.3 Peru
13.2.4.4 Brazil
13.2.5 Australia
13.2.6 Africa
13.2.6.1 Egypt
13.2.6.2 Ghana
13.2.6.3 Sudan
13.2.6.4 Mauritius
13.2.6.5 Namibia
13.3 Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement in the Indian Subcontinent
13.3.1 Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement in India
13.3.1.1 Mutant Varieties Released for Crop Improvement in India
13.3.1.2 Success Stories of Prominent Mutant Varieties Released in India
13.3.1.2.1 Pusa-408 (Ajay)
13.3.1.2.2 Pusa-413 (Atul)
13.3.1.2.3 Pusa-417 (Girnar)
13.3.1.2.4 Pusa-547
13.3.1.3 Other Prominent Mutant Varieties Released in India
13.3.2 Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement in Pakistan
13.3.3 Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement in Bangladesh
13.3.4 Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement in Sri Lanka
13.4 Future Scope
13.5 Conclusion
References
14: Success of Mutation Breeding of Sorghum to Support Food Security in Indonesia
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mutation Breeding in Indonesia
14.3 Breeding of Mutation of Sorghum
14.4 Dissemination, Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts
14.5 National and International Collaboration
14.6 Conclusions
References
15: Potential of Mutation Breeding in Genetic Improvement of Pulse Crops
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genetic Bottlenecks
15.3 Approaches for Broadening the Genetic Base
15.4 Mutation Breeding
15.5 History of Mutation Breeding in Pulses
15.6 Spontaneous Mutations
15.7 Induced Mutations
15.7.1 Physical Mutagenesis
15.7.2 Chemical Mutagenesis
15.7.3 Space Mutagenesis
15.8 Optimal Dose and Genotypic Sensitivity
15.9 Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency
15.10 Mutant Screening
15.11 High-Throughput Mutation Detection and Screening Techniques
15.12 Types of Mutations
15.12.1 Chlorophyll Mutations
15.12.2 Mutations Affecting Morphological and Other Quantitative Traits
15.13 Mutants in Cross-Breeding
15.14 Mutation Breeding for Yield and Varietal Development in Pulses
15.14.1 Chickpea
15.14.2 Pigeon Pea
15.14.3 Mung Bean
15.14.4 Urdbean
15.14.5 Cowpea
15.15 Mutation Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance in Pulses
15.16 Mutation Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
15.17 Mutation Breeding for Improved Nutrition in Pulses
15.18 Impact of Mutant Pulse Crop Varieties in India
15.19 New Breeding Techniques (Targeted Mutagenesis)
15.20 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16: Advances in Mutation Breeding of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Mutagens
16.3 Cytogenetic Aberrations
16.4 Mutations for Seed Size
16.5 Mutations for Early Maturity
16.6 Mutations for Subspecific Traits
16.7 Mutations for Trait Association
16.8 Mutations for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance
16.9 Mutations for Physiological Traits
16.10 Mutations for Seed Biochemical Traits
16.11 Mutation Breeding for Climate Resilience in Groundnut
16.12 Mutant Varieties
16.13 Significance and Coverage of Groundnut Mutant and Mutant-Derived Varieties
16.14 TILLING in Groundnut
16.15 Molecular Characterizations of Mutants Through Target Gene-Based Approach
16.16 Mutagenomics for Characterization of Mutants
16.17 Gene Editing for Site-Directed Mutagenesis
16.18 Conclusions and Prospects
References
17: Mutation Breeding for Sustainable Food Production in Latin America and the Caribbean Under Climate Change
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Argentina
17.1.2 Brazil
17.1.3 Costa Rica
17.1.4 Chile
17.1.5 Cuba
17.1.6 Mexico
17.1.7 Peru
17.2 Mutation Breeding in Latin America Facing Climatic Change
17.2.1 Mutation Breeding in Rice for Salinity and Drought Tolerance
17.2.1.1 Molecular Evaluation of Cuban Rice Mutants
17.2.2 Selection of Heat-Tolerant Mutant of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Peru
17.2.2.1 Mutation Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max Merrill) and Stevia sp. in Paraguay
17.2.2.2 Mutation Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
17.2.2.3 Mutation Breeding for Drought Tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
17.3 Conclusion
References
18: Mutation Breeding Studies in the Indian Non-basmati Aromatic Rice: Success and Outlook
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Mutation Breeding Research in Rice
18.2 Mutation Studies in Ajara Ghansal (Non-basmati Aromatic Landrace)
18.2.1 Performance of Mutants
18.2.2 Stability and Performance of Selected Mutants
18.2.2.1 Dwarf Mutants
18.2.2.2 Early-Maturity Mutants
18.2.2.3 Lodging-Resistant Mutants
18.2.2.4 High-Yielding Mutants
18.3 Mutation Studies in Kala Jirga (Non-basmati Aromatic Landrace)
18.3.1 Performance of Mutants
18.3.2 Stability and Performance of Mutants
18.3.2.1 Dwarf Mutants
18.3.2.2 Early Maturity Mutants
18.3.2.3 High-Yielding Mutants
18.4 Tissue Culture Studies on Ajara Ghansal and Kala Jirga Rice Landraces
18.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
19: Induced Mutagenesis in Chrysanthemum
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Plant Resources and Methodologies
19.2.1 Mutant Genotype
19.2.2 Recurrent Irradiation
19.2.3 Colchicine Treatment
19.2.4 Early- and Late-Blooming Varieties
19.2.5 Management of Induced Chimera
19.2.6 Management of Spontaneous Mutation Chimera
19.2.7 In Vitro Mutagenesis
19.2.8 General Considerations
19.2.8.1 LD50 Dose
19.2.8.2 Radiosensitivity
19.2.8.3 Role of Propagule and Time of Irradiation
19.2.8.4 Recurrent Irradiation
19.2.8.5 Colchi-Mutation
19.2.8.6 Mutant Genotype (Mutant of a Mutant)
19.3 Detection of Mutation (M1V1 and Later Vegetative Generations)
19.3.1 Mutation in Flower Morphology
19.3.2 Color Mutation
19.3.3 Chlorophyll Variegation
19.3.4 Spectrum of Mutations
19.4 Possibilities of Inducing Desired Flower Color Mutation (Directive Mutation)
19.5 Demand-Based Experiments
19.6 Bottlenecks
19.7 Induced Chimera and Management
19.8 In Vitro Management of Chimera Developed Through Bud Sprout
19.8.1 In Vitro Mutagenesis
19.9 Acute and Chronic Irradiation
19.10 Ion Beam Technology
19.11 Annual Chrysanthemum
19.12 Cause of Flower Color Mutation
19.13 Chrysanthemum Mutants
19.14 Present Status of Mutation Research on Chrysanthemum
19.15 Conclusion and Prospects
References
20: Mutation Breeding Research in Sweet Pepper
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Physical Mutagenesis and Mutagens
20.2.1 X-Rays
20.2.2 Gamma Rays
20.2.3 Neutrons
20.2.4 Ion Beam Irradiation
20.2.5 Cosmic Irradiation
20.2.6 Laser Beam Irradiation
20.3 Chemical Mutagenesis and Mutagens
20.3.1 Alkylating Agents
20.3.1.1 Ethyl Methanesulfonate
20.3.1.2 N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU)
20.3.1.3 Ethyleneimine
20.3.1.4 Dimethyl Sulfate and Diethyl Sulfate
20.3.2 Antibiotics
20.3.3 Intercalating Agents
20.3.4 Other Chemical Mutagens
20.3.4.1 Sodium Azide
20.3.4.2 Caffeine
20.3.4.3 Colchicine
20.4 Mutagenesis with Combination of Mutagens
20.5 Summary of the Achievements and Some Perspectives of the Traditional Mutation Breeding in Sweet Pepper
20.5.1 Registered New Mutant Varieties
20.5.2 Remarks on the Future of the Traditional Mutation Breeding in Sweet Pepper
References
21: Induced Mutation Technology for Sugarcane Improvement: Status and Prospects
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Outlook of Sugarcane Crop Improvement
21.3 Induced Mutagenesis in Sugarcane
21.3.1 Combination of In Vitro Culture and Induced Mutagenesis
21.3.2 Radiation-Induced Mutagenesis Program in Sugarcane
21.4 Mutagenomics and Advances in Post-mutagenesis Analyses
21.5 Mutagenesis Through Genome Editing in Sugarcane
21.6 Conclusions
References
22: Induced Mutations for Developing New Ornamental Varieties
22.1 Introduction
22.2 A Brief Mutation Breeding History of Ornamental Plants
22.3 The Role of In Vitro Techniques in Mutation Breeding of Ornamental Plants
22.3.1 The Factors Affecting In Vitro Mutation in Ornamental Plants
22.4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
23: Improvement of Fruit Crops Through Radiation-Induced Mutations Facing Climate Change
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Physical Mutagens
23.2.1 Fast Neutron Mutagenesis
23.2.2 Ion Beam Mutagenesis
23.3 Mutagenic Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Dosimetry
23.3.1 Mutagenic Efficiency and Effectiveness
23.3.2 Dosimetry
23.4 In Vitro Mutagenesis
23.5 Impact of Mutation-Assisted Breeding on Fruit-Quality Traits
23.6 Impact of Mutation-Assisted Breeding on Seed-Related Traits
23.7 Mutation-Assisted Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress
23.7.1 Abiotic Stress Tolerance
23.7.2 Biotic Stress Tolerance
23.8 Impact of Mutant Cultivars
23.9 Molecular Tools to Distinguish Mutants
23.10 Limitations
23.11 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
24: Induced Mutations for Genetic Improvement of Banana
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Problems in Cultivation of Banana
24.3 Induced Mutagenesis Studies in Banana
24.4 Resolving Chimera Occurrence
24.5 Embryogenic Cells as Explant for Mutation Induction
24.6 Commonly Employed Mutagenic Agents and Their Utility in Banana Improvement
24.7 Molecular Analysis of Novel Mutants
24.8 DNA-Based Markers
24.9 RNA-Based Molecular analysis
24.10 Next Generation Sequencing-Based Approach of Mutation Detection and Mapping
24.11 Whole-Genome Resequencing
24.12 Exome Sequencing
24.13 Recent Advances in Mapping
24.14 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
25: Mutation Breeding in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Limitations of Conventional Breeding
25.1.2 Role of Mutation Breeding
25.2 Mutation Sources
25.2.1 Somaclonal Variation
25.2.2 Induced Mutation
25.3 In Vitro Selection
25.3.1 Abiotic Stress Agents
25.3.2 Biotic Agents
25.4 Mutation Induction in Developing Bayoud Resistance
25.4.1 Establishment of Embryogenic Cultures
25.4.2 Irradiation of Embryogenic Cultures
25.4.2.1 Gamma Room Cobalt 60 Characteristic
25.4.2.2 Post-irradiation
25.4.2.3 Optimal Dose of Mutagen
25.4.2.4 Proliferation of Irradiated Callus
25.4.2.5 Histological Analysis of Calli
25.4.3 In Vitro Resistance Screening
25.4.3.1 Extraction and Fraction of Fusarium Toxin
25.4.3.2 In Vitro Selection of Irradiated Materials
25.4.3.3 Embryogenic Suspension Cultures
25.4.3.4 In Vitro Somatic Embryos Selection
25.4.3.5 Regeneration of Putative Mutants
25.4.3.6 In Vitro Selection by Detached Leaves
25.4.3.7 Test of Artificial Inoculation of Plants
25.4.3.8 Effect of Fraction FII of F.o.a. Toxin on Detached Leaves of Vitro-Plants
25.5 Evaluations of Mutants
25.5.1 In Vivo Evaluation of Putative Mutants
25.5.1.1 Acclimatization of Putative Mutants
25.5.1.2 Greenhouse Evaluation
25.5.1.3 Field Evaluation
25.5.2 Molecular Characterization
25.5.3 Flow Cytometric Analysis
25.6 Conclusions and Prospects
References
26: Mutation Breeding in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Mutation Breeding in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops
26.3 Mutation Breeding Methods in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops
26.3.1 Cassava
26.3.1.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.2 Sweet Potato
26.3.2.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.3 Yams
26.3.3.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.4 Aroid Tuber Crops
26.3.4.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.5 Chinese Potato
26.3.5.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.6 Yam Bean
26.3.6.1 Mutation Breeding Achievements So Far
26.3.7 Other Minor Tuber Crops
26.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References