Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Listening Outlines and Vocal Music Guides Listed by Composer
Preface
PART I: Elements
1 Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
Pitch: Highness or Lowness of Sound
Dynamics
Tone Color
Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides, and the Properties of Sound
Lohengrin, Prelude to Act III (1848), by Richard Wagner
Listening Outline
The Firebird, Scene 2 (1910), by Igor Stravinsky
Listening Outline
C-Jam Blues (1942), by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra
Listening Outline
2 Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
Voices
Musical Instruments
String Instruments
Woodwind Instruments
Brass Instruments
Percussion Instruments
Keyboard Instruments
Electronic Instruments
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946), by Benjamin Britten
Listening Outline
The Stars and Stripes Forever (1897), by John Philip Sousa
Listening Outline
3 Rhythm
Beat
Meter
Accent and Syncopation
Tempo
I Got Rhythm (1930), by George Gershwin
4 Music Notation
Notating Pitch
Notating Rhythm
Notating Silence (Rests)
Notating Meter
The Score
5 Melody
Over the Rainbow (1938), by Harold Arlen
Melody and Words
6 Harmony
Consonance and Dissonance
The Triad
Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
Prelude in E Minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839), by Frédéric Chopin
Listening Outline
Performance Perspectives: Roger Kamien, Pianist, Playing Chopin's Prelude in E Minor
7 Key
The Major Scale
The Minor Scale
Major and Minor Keys
The Chromatic Scale
Modulation: Change of Key
Tonic Key
8 Musical Texture
Monophonic Texture
Polyphonic Texture
Homophonic Texture
Changes of Texture
Farandole from L'Arlésienne Suite No. 2 (1879), by Georges Bizet
Listening Outline
9 Musical Form
Techniques That Create Musical Form
Repetition
Contrast
Variation
Types of Musical Form
Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A
Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892), by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Listening Outline
Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B
Bourrée from Suite in E Minor for Lute (probably around 1710), by Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening Outline
Listening for Form
10 Performance
The Performer
The Conductor
Recorded and Live Performance
Judging Performance
11 Musical Style
Elements: Summary
PART II: The Middle Ages
TIME LINE Middle Ages (450–1450)
The Middle Ages (450–1450)
1 Music in the Middle Ages (450–1450)
2 Gregorian Chant
The Church Modes
Alleluia: Vidimus stellam (We Have Seen His Star)
Vocal Music Guide
O successores (You successors), by Hildegard of Bingen
Vocal Music Guide
3 Secular Music in the Middle Ages
Troubadour and Trouvère Song
A Chantar (I must sing), by Beatriz, Countess of Dia (Late Twelfth Century)
Vocal Music Guide
Minstrels
Estampie (Thirteenth Century)
Estampie (Thirteenth Century)
4 The Development of Polyphony: Organum
School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm
Alleluia: Nativitas (The Birth; 1200?), by Perotin
5 Fourteenth-Century Music: The "New Art" in Italy and France
Francesco Landini
Ecco la primavera (Spring has come; fourteenth century)
Vocal Music Guide
Guillaume de Machaut
Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous (Since I am forgotten by you; c. 1363)
Vocal Music Guide
Notre Dame Mass (Mid-Fourteenth Century)
Agnus Dei
Vocal Music Guide
The Middle Ages: Summary
PART III: The Renaissance
TIME LINE Renaissance (1450–1600)
The Renaissance (1450–1600)
1 Music in the Renaissance (1450–1600)
Characteristics of Renaissance Music
Words and Music
Texture
Rhythm and Melody
2 Sacred Music in the Renaissance
Josquin Desprez and the Renaissance Motet
Ave Maria … virgo serena (Hail, Mary … serene virgin; c. 1475)
Vocal Music Guide
Palestrina and the Renaissance Mass
Pope Marcellus Mass (1562–1563)
Kyrie
Vocal Music Guide
3 Secular Music in the Renaissance
Vocal Music
As Vesta Was Descending (1601), by Thomas Weelkes
Vocal Music Guide
The Renaissance Lute Song 109PART III The Renaissance
The Renaissance Lute Song
Flow My Tears (c. 1600), by John Dowland (1563–1626)
Vocal Music Guide
Instrumental Music
Passamezzo and Galliard, by Pierre Francisque Caroubel, from Terpsichore (1612), arranged by Michael Praetorius
4 The Venetian School: From Renaissance to Baroque
Giovanni Gabrieli and the Polychoral Motet
Plaudite (Clap your hands; 1597)
Vocal Music Guide
The Renaissance: Summary
PART IV: The Baroque Period
TIME LINE Baroque Period (1600–1750)
The Baroque Style (1600–1750)
1 Baroque Music (1600–1750)
Characteristics of Baroque Music
Unity of Mood
Rhythm
Melody
Dynamics
Texture
Chords and the Basso Continuo
Vocal Music
The Baroque Orchestra
Baroque Forms
2 Music in Baroque Society
3 The Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major (c. 1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach
First Movement: Allegro
Listening Outline
4 The Fugue
Organ Fugue in G Minor (Little Fugue; c. 1709), by Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening Outline
5 The Elements of Opera
6 Opera in the Baroque Era
7 Claudio Monteverdi
Orfeo (Orpheus; 1607)
Act II: Recitative: Tu se' morta (You are dead)
Vocal Music Guide
8 Henry Purcell
Ground Bass
Dido and Aeneas (1689)
Act III: Dido's Lament
Vocal Music Guide
9 The Baroque Cantata
10 Barbara Strozzi
Che si può fare (What can be done?; 1664)
Vocal Music Guide
11 Elisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre
Le sommeil d'Ulisse (The Sleep of Ulysses; about 1715)
Aria: La Têmpete (The Storm)
Vocal Music Guide
12 The Baroque Sonata
13 Arcangelo Corelli
Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689)
14 Antonio Vivaldi
La Primavera (Spring), Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op. 8, No. 1, from The Four Seasons (1725)
First Movement: Allegro
Listening Outline
Second Movement: Largo e pianissimo sempre (very slow and very soft throughout)
Third Movement: Danza pastorale (Pastoral Dance)
15 Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach's Music
Prelude and Fugue in C Minor, from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I (c. 1722)
Prelude in C Minor
Listening Outline
Fugue in C Minor
Listening Outline
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major (c. 1721)
Second Movement: Affettuoso (affectionately, tenderly)
Third Movement: Allegro
16 The Baroque Suite
Suite No. 3 in D Major (1729–1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach
First Movement: Overture
Second Movement: Air
Third Movement: Gavotte
Fourth Movement: Bourrée
Fifth Movement: Gigue
17 The Chorale and Church Cantata
The Church Cantata
Cantata No. 140: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Awake, a Voice Is Calling Us; 1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach
First Movement: Chorus and Orchestra
Vocal Music Guide
Fourth Movement: Tenor Chorale
Vocal Music Guide
Seventh Movement: Chorale
Vocal Music Guide
18 The Oratorio
19 George Frideric Handel
Handel's Music
Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar, 1724)
Act III, Scene 3: Piangerò la sorte mia (I shall mourn my fate)
Vocal Music Guide
Messiah (1741)
Sinfonia for Strings and Continuo (French Overture); Grave; Allegro moderato (moderate allegro)
Comfort Ye, My People; Accompanied recitative for tenor, strings, and continuo; Larghetto (slow, but less so than largo)
Vocal Music Guide
Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted; Aria for tenor, strings, and continuo; Andante
Vocal Music Guide
For unto Us a Child Is Born; Chorus, strings, continuo
Vocal Music Guide
Hallelujah Chorus
Vocal Music Guide
The Baroque Period: Summary
PART V: The Classical Period
TIME LINE Classical Period (1750–1820)
The Classical Era (1750–1820)
1 The Classical Style (1750–1820)
Characteristics of the Classical Style
Contrast of Mood
Rhythm
Texture
Melody
Dynamics and the Piano
The End of the Basso Continuo
The Classical Orchestra
Classical Forms
2 Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
Vienna
3 Sonata Form
Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Coda
Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788), by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Fourth Movement: Allegro assai (very fast)
Listening Outline
4 Theme and Variations
Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise; 1791), by Joseph Haydn
Second Movement: Andante
Listening Outline
5 Minuet and Trio
Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music; 1787), K. 525, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Third Movement: Minuet (Allegretto)
Listening Outline
6 Rondo
String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 (1798–1800), by Ludwig van Beethoven
Fourth Movement: Rondo (Allegro)
Listening Outline
7 The Classical Symphony
8 The Classical Concerto
9 Classical Chamber Music
10 Joseph Haydn
Haydn's Music
Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise; 1791)
First Movement: Adagio (slow introduction); Vivace assai (very lively)
Second Movement: Andante
Third Movement: Minuet (Allegro molto)
Fourth Movement: Finale (Allegro di molto)
Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796)
Third Movement: Allegro
Listening Outline
Performance Perspectives: Wynton Marsalis, Trumpeter, Playing the Third Movement of Haydn's Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major
11 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart's Music
Don Giovanni (1787)
Overture
Act I: Introduction
Vocal Music Guide
Act I: Leporello's catalog aria (Madamina)
Vocal Music Guide
Act I: Duet: Là ci darem la mano (There you will give me your hand)
Vocal Music Guide
Act II: Finale
Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788)
First Movement: Molto allegro
Listening Outline
Second Movement: Andante
Third Movement: Menuetto (Allegretto)
Fourth Movement: Allegro assai
Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786)
First Movement: Allegro
Listening Outline
Second Movement: Adagio
Third Movement: Allegro assai
Requiem in D Minor, K. 626 (1791)
Dies irae
Vocal Music Guide
12 Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven's Music
Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique; 1798)
First Movement: Grave (solemn, slow introduction); Allegro molto e con brio (very fast and brilliant)
Second Movement: Adagio cantabile (lyrical adagio)
Third Movement: Rondo (Allegro)
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 (1808)
First Movement: Allegro con brio (allegro with vigor)
Listening Outline
Second Movement: Andante con moto (moderately slow, with movement)
Listening Outline
Third Movement: Allegro (scherzo)
Fourth Movement: Allegro
The Classical Period: Summary
PART VI: The Romantic Period
TIME LINE Romantic Period (1820–1900)
Romanticism (1820–1900)
1 Romanticism in Music (1820–1900)
Characteristics of Romantic Music
Individuality of Style
Expressive Aims and Subjects
Nationalism and Exoticism
Program Music
Expressive Tone Color
Colorful Harmony
Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo
Form: Miniature and Monumental
2 Romantic Composers and Their Public
3 The Art Song
Song Forms
The Song Cycle
4 Franz Schubert
Schubert's Music
Erlkönig (The Erlking; 1815)
Vocal Music Guide
Die Forelle (The Trout; 1817)
Vocal Music Guide
Piano Quintet in A Major (Trout; 1819)
Fourth Movement
Listening Outline
5 Robert Schumann
Schumann's Music
Fantasiestücke for Piano, Op.
(Fantasy Pieces for Piano; 1837)
Aufschwung (Soaring; 1837)
Listening Outline
Warum? (Why? 1837)
Listening Outline
6 Clara Wieck Schumann
Trio for Violin, Cello, and Piano in G Minor, Op. 17 (1846)
Listening Outline
7 Frédéric Chopin
Chopin's Music
Nocturne in E Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2 (1830–1831)
Listening Outline
Étude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12 (Revolutionary; 1831?)
Listening Outline
Polonaise in A Flat Major, Op. 53 (1842)
8 Franz Liszt
Liszt's Music
Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor (1851)
Listening Outline
9 Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn's Music
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 64 (1844)
First Movement: Allegro molto appassionato (very impassioned allegro)
Listening Outline
Performance Perspectives: Hilary Hahn, Violinist, Playing the First Movement of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64
10 Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel
String Quartet in E-Flat Major (1834)
Second Movement: Allegretto
Listening Outline
11 Program Music
12 Hector Berlioz
Berlioz's Music
Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony; 1830)
First Movement: Reveries, Passions Largo (slow introduction); Allegro agitato e appassionato assai (agitated and very impassioned allegro)
Second Movement: A Ball Allegro non troppo
Third Movement: Scene in the Country Adagio
Fourth Movement: March to the Scaffold Allegretto non troppo
Listening Outline
Fifth Movement: Dream of a Witches' Sabbath Larghetto; Allegro
Listening Outline
13 Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music
The Russian Five
Pictures at an Exhibition (1874), by Modest Mussorgsky; Arranged for Orchestra by Maurice Ravel (1922)
The Great Gate of Kiev
Listening Outline
14 Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky's Music
Romeo and Juliet, Overture-Fantasy (1869)
Listening Outline
15 Bedrich Smetana
The Moldau (1874)
Listening Outline
16 Antonin Dvorák
Symphony No. 9 in E Minor (From the New World; 1893)
First Movement: Adagio (slow introduction); Allegro molto
Listening Outline
17 Johannes Brahms
Brahms's Music
Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90 (1883)
Third Movement: Poco Allegretto
Listening Outline
Ein Deutsches Requiem (A German Requiem; 1868)
Fourth Movement: How Lovely Is Thy Dwelling Place Chorus and Orchestra
Vocal Music Guide
18 Georges Bizet
Carmen (1875)
Habañera
Vocal Music Guide
Toreador Song
Vocal Music Guide
19 Giuseppe Verdi
Verdi's Music
Rigoletto (1851)
Act III: La donna è mobile and Quartet
Vocal Music Guide
20 Giacomo Puccini
La Bohème (1896)
Act I: Scene between Rodolfo and Mimi
Vocal Music Guide
21 Richard Wagner
Wagner's Music
Die Walküre (The Valkyrie; 1856)
Act I: Love scene (conclusion)
Vocal Music Guide
22 Gustav Mahler
Mahler's Music
Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of a Wayfarer; Composed 1883–1885, Orchestrated 1891–1896)
Ging heut' Morgen über's Feld (This Morning I Went through the Fields)
Vocal Music Guide
The Romantic Period: Summary
PART VII: The Twentieth Century and Beyond
TIME LINE Twentieth Century and Beyond (1900–2020)
Twentieth-Century Developments (1900–1945)
1 Musical Styles: 1900–1945
1900–1945: An Age of Musical Diversity
Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music (1900–1945)
Tone Color
Harmony
Alternatives to the Traditional Tonal System
Rhythm
Melody
2 Music and Musicians in Society since 1900
3 Impressionism and Symbolism
French Impressionist Painting
French Symbolist Poetry
4 Claude Debussy
Debussy's Music
Prélude à l'Après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun; 1894)
Listening Outline
Voiles (Sails), from Preludes for Piano, Book I (1910)
5 Maurice Ravel
Boléro (1928)
Listening Outline
6 Lili Boulanger
Psaume 24 (Psalm 24; 1916)
Vocal Music Guide
7 Primitivism
8 Igor Stravinsky
Stravinsky's Music
Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring; 1913)
Part I: Introduction
Part I: Omens of Spring—Dances of the Youths and Maidens
Part I: Ritual of Abduction
Listening Outline
Part II: Sacrificial Dance
9 Neoclassicism
10 Sergei Prokofiev
Classical Symphony in D Major, Op. 25 (1917)
First Movement: Allegro
Listening Outline
11 Expressionism
12 Arnold Schoenberg
Schoenberg's Music
Atonality
The Twelve-Tone System
Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 (Moonstruck Pierrot; 1912)
Mondestrunken (Moondrunk)
A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947)
13 Alban Berg
Wozzeck (1917–1922)
Act III: Scenes 4 and 5
14 Anton Webern
Webern's Music
Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10 (1911–1913)
Third Piece: Very slow and extremely calm
Listening Outline
15 Béla Bartók
Bartók's Music
Concerto for Orchestra (1943)
First Movement: Introduction; Andante non troppo; Allegro vivace
Listening Outline
Second Movement: Game of Pairs; Allegretto scherzando
Listening Outline
16 Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 5 in D Minor (1937)
Second Movement: Allegretto
Listening Outline
17 Music in America
Colonial America
Music in Nineteenth-Century America
Nationalism in American Music
Music in America after 1900
18 Charles Ives
Ives's Music
Putnam's Camp, Redding, Connecticut (1912), from Three Places in New England (1908?–1914)
Listening Outline
19 George Gershwin
Rhapsody in Blue (1924)
Listening Outline
20 William Grant Still
Afro-American Symphony (1931)
Third Movement: Animato
Listening Outline
21 Aaron Copland
Appalachian Spring (1943–1944)
Section 7: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts
Listening Outline
22 Alberto Ginastera
Estancia Suite, Op. 8a (1941)
Final Dance: Malambo
Listening Outline
23 Musical Styles since 1945
Characteristics of Music since 1945
Increased Use of the Twelve-Tone System
Extensions of the Twelve-Tone System: Serialism
Chance Music
Minimalist Music
Musical Quotation
Polystylism
Tonal Music and a Return to Tonality
Electronic Music
" Liberation of Sound"
Mixed Media
Rhythm and Form
24 Music since 1945: Ten Representative Pieces
Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano (1946–1948), by John Cage
Sonata II
Poème électronique (Electronic Poem; 1958), by Edgard Varèse
Listening Outline
Ancient Voices of Children (1970), by George Crumb
From Where Do You Come, My Love, My Child? (Dance of the Sacred Life-Cycle; 1970)
Vocal Music Guide
Libertango (1974), by Astor Piazzolla
Listening Outline
Performance Perspectives: Yo-Yo Ma, Cellist, Playing Piazzolla's Libertango
Einstein on the Beach (1976), by Philip Glass
Knee Play 1
Listening Outline
Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986), by John Adams
Listening Outline
Lux Aurumque (Light and Gold; 2000, for a cappella chorus), by Eric Whitacre
Vocal Music Guide
Performance Perspectives:Eric Whitacre Conducting his Lux Aurumque, performed by the Virtual Choir
L'amour de loin (Love from Afar; 2000), by Kaija Saariaho
Act IV, Scene 3: Tempest
City Scape (2002), by Jennifer Higdon
Third Movement: Peachtree Street
Listening Outline
Inura (2009), by Tania León
Section 2: The Sharing
Listening Outline
The Twentieth Century and Beyond: Summary
PART VIII: Jazz
Jazz
1 Jazz Styles: (1900–1950)
Roots of Jazz
Characteristics of Jazz
Tone Color
Improvisation
Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony
2 Ragtime
Scott Joplin
Maple Leaf Rag (1899)
3 Blues
Lost Your Head Blues (1926), by Bessie Smith
Vocal Music Guide
Performance Perspectives: Bessie Smith Singing Lost Your Head Blues
4 New Orleans Style
Dippermouth Blues (1923), by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
Listening Outline
Louis Armstrong
Hotter Than That (1927), by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five
Listening Outline
5 Swing
Duke Ellington
6 Bebop
Bebop Style
Dizzy Gillespie
A Night in Tunisia (composed 1942), by Dizzy Gillespie
Listening Outline
7 Jazz Styles since 1950
Cool Jazz
Free Jazz: Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane
Jazz Rock (Fusion)
Miles Runs the Voodoo Down (1969), by Miles Davis
Jazz: Summary
PART IX: Music for Stage and Screen
Music for Stage and Screen
1 Musical Theater
Characteristics of the Musical
Development of the Musical
Sources of the Musical
The Golden Era of the American Musical (1920–1960)
The Musical after 1960
2 Leonard Bernstein
West Side Story (1957)
America
Tonight Ensemble
Listening Outline
3 Lin-Manuel Miranda
Hamilton: An American Musical (2015), by Lin-Manuel Miranda
My Shot
4 Music in Film
Early Film Music
Functions and Styles of Film Music
Creating Film Music
Music and Image
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Directed by Steven Spielberg, Music by John Williams
Desert Chase Scene
Music for Stage and Screen: Summary
PART X: Popular Music Genres
Popular Music Genres
1 Elements of Popular Music
2 Music Genres and Star Performers from the 1950s to the Present
1950s
1960s
Blowin' in the Wind (1962), by Bob Dylan
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (1967), by The Beatles
Performance Perspectives: Carlos Santana
1970s
1980s and 1990s
Purple Rain (1984), by Prince and members of The Revolution
2000s
Irreplaceable (2006), by Beyoncé, Shaffer " Ne Yo" Smith, Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel Eriksen, Espen Lind, and Amund Bjorklund
Shake It Off (2014), by Taylor Swift, Max Martin, and Shellback
GOD (2017), by Kendrick Lamar
Popular Music Genres: Summary
PART XI: Nonwestern Music
The Diversity of Nonwestern Music
1 Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
Oral Tradition
Improvisation
Voices
Instruments
Melody, Texture, and Rhythm
Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music
2 Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
Music in Society
Elements of African Music
Rhythm and Percussion
Vocal Music
Texture
African Instruments
Idiophones
Membranophones
Aerophones and Chordophones
Ompeh
Listening Outline
Mitamba Yalagala Kumchuzi
Listening Outline
3 Classical Music of India
Performers
Improvisation
Elements of Indian Classical Music
Melodic Structure: Raga
Rhythmic Structure: Tala
Instruments
Maru-Bihag, by Ravi Shankar
Performance Perspectives: Ravi Shankar, Sitarist, Performing Maru-Bihag
4 Koto Music of Japan
The Koto
Historical Background
Koto Music
Godan-Ginuta (Nineteenth Century), by Mitsuzaki Kengyo
Nonwestern Music: Summary
Appendixes
1 Glossary
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2 Tone Color and the Harmonic Series
3 Bibliography and Selected Readings
Index
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Digital Musical Collection
