Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th Edition

1 Overview of Multivariate Methods......Page p001.djvu
What Is Multivariate Analysis?......Page p003.djvu
The Variate......Page p004.djvu
Measurement Scales......Page p005.djvu
Measurement Error and Multivariate Measurement......Page p007.djvu
Statistical Significance Versus Statistical Power......Page p008.djvu
Impacts on Statistical Power......Page p009.djvu
A Classification of Multivariate Techniques......Page p011.djvu
Interdependence Techniques......Page p014.djvu
Types of Multivariate Techniques......Page p015.djvu
Multiple Discriminant Analysis and Logistic Regression......Page p016.djvu
Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance......Page p017.djvu
Cluster Analysis......Page p018.djvu
Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis......Page p019.djvu
Establish Practical Significance as Well as Statistical Significance......Page p020.djvu
Strive for Model Parsimony......Page p021.djvu
A Structured Approach to Multivariate Model Building......Page p022.djvu
Estimate the Multivariate Model and Assess Overall Model Fit......Page p023.djvu
Databases......Page p024.djvu
Primary Database......Page p025.djvu
Other Databases......Page p027.djvu
Summary......Page p028.djvu
References......Page p030.djvu
I PREPARING TO APPLY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS......Page p031.djvu
2 Examining Your Data......Page p033.djvu
Introduction......Page p036.djvu
Graphical Examination of the Data......Page p037.djvu
Univariate Profiling: Examining the Shape of the Distribution......Page p038.djvu
Bivariate Profiling: Examining the Relationship Between Variables......Page p039.djvu
Bivariate Profiling: Examining Group Differences......Page p040.djvu
Multivariate Profiles......Page p041.djvu
The Impact of Missing Data......Page p042.djvu
A Simple Example of a Missing Data Analysis......Page p043.djvu
A Four-Step Process for Identifying Missing Data and Applying Remedies......Page p044.djvu
An Illustration of Missing Data Diagnosis with the Four-Step Process......Page p054.djvu
Outliers......Page p064.djvu
Detecting and Handling Outliers......Page p065.djvu
An Illustrative Example of Analyzing Outliers......Page p068.djvu
Assessing Individual Variables Versus the Variate......Page p070.djvu
Four Important Statistical Assumptions......Page p071.djvu
Data Transformations......Page p077.djvu
An Illustration of Testing the Assumptions Underlying Multivariate Analysis......Page p079.djvu
Incorporating Nonmetric Data with Dummy Variables......Page p086.djvu
Summary......Page p088.djvu
Suggested Readings......Page p089.djvu
References......Page p090.djvu
3 Exploratory Factor Analysis......Page p091.djvu
What Is Factor Analysis?......Page p094.djvu
A Hypothetical Example of Factor Analysis......Page p095.djvu
Objectives of Factor Analysis......Page p096.djvu
Achieving Data Summarization Versus Data Reduction......Page p098.djvu
Variable Selection......Page p099.djvu
Correlations Among Variables or Respondents......Page p100.djvu
Variable Selection and Measurement Issues......Page p101.djvu
Summary......Page p102.djvu
Statistical Issues......Page p103.djvu
Summary......Page p104.djvu
Selecting the Factor Extraction Method......Page p105.djvu
Criteria for the Number of Factors to Extract......Page p108.djvu
The Three Processes of Factor Interpretation......Page p112.djvu
Rotation of Factors......Page p113.djvu
Judging the Significance of Factor Loadings......Page p116.djvu
Interpreting a Factor Matrix......Page p118.djvu
Assessing Factor Structure Stability......Page p122.djvu
Selecting Surrogate Variables for Subsequent Analysis......Page p123.djvu
Creating Summated Scales......Page p124.djvu
Computing Factor Scores......Page p127.djvu
Selecting Among the Three Methods......Page p128.djvu
Assumptions in Factor Analysis......Page p129.djvu
Component Factor Analysis: Stages 4 Through 7......Page p132.djvu
Common Factor Analysis: Stages 4 and 5......Page p144.djvu
A Managerial Overview of the Results......Page p146.djvu
Summary......Page p148.djvu
References......Page p150.djvu
II DEPENDENCE TECHNIQUES......Page p153.djvu
4 Multiple Regression Analysis......Page p155.djvu
What Is Multiple Regression Analysis?......Page p161.djvu
Prediction Using a Single Independent Variable: Simple Regression......Page p162.djvu
Prediction Using Several Independent Variables: Multiple Regression......Page p165.djvu
A Decision Process for Multiple Regression Analysis......Page p167.djvu
Research Problems Appropriate for Multiple Regression......Page p169.djvu
Selection of Dependent and Independent Variables......Page p171.djvu
Research Design of a Multiple Regression Analysis......Page p173.djvu
Sample Size......Page p174.djvu
Creating Additional Variables......Page p176.djvu
Assumptions in Multiple Regression Analysis......Page p181.djvu
Asessing Individual Variables Versus the Variate......Page p182.djvu
Linearity of the Phenomenon......Page p183.djvu
Normality of the Error Term Distribution......Page p185.djvu
Selecting an Estimation Technique......Page p186.djvu
Testing the Regression Variate for Meeting the Regression Assumptions......Page p191.djvu
Examining the Statistical Significance of Our Model......Page p192.djvu
Identifying Influential Observations......Page p194.djvu
Using the Regression Coefficients......Page p197.djvu
Assessing Multicollinearity......Page p200.djvu
Comparing Regression Models......Page p206.djvu
Objectives of Multiple Regression......Page p207.djvu
Estimating the Regression Model and Assessing Overall Model Fit......Page p208.djvu
Interpreting the Regression Variate......Page p223.djvu
Validating the Results......Page p226.djvu
Evaluating Alternative Regression Models......Page p227.djvu
Summary......Page p231.djvu
References......Page p234.djvu
5 Multiple Discriminant Analysis......Page p235.djvu
Discriminant Analysis......Page p239.djvu
Analogy with Regression and MANOVA......Page p240.djvu
A Two-Group Discriminant Analysis: Purchasers Versus Nonpurchasers......Page p241.djvu
A Geometric Representation of the Two-Group Discriminant Function......Page p244.djvu
A Three-Group Example of Discriminant Analysis: Switching Intentions......Page p246.djvu
Objectives of Discriminant Analysis......Page p249.djvu
Selecting Dependent and Independent Variables......Page p250.djvu
Sample Size......Page p252.djvu
Assumptions of Discriminant Analysis......Page p253.djvu
Impacts on Interpretation......Page p254.djvu
Estimation of the Discriminant Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p255.djvu
Selecting an Estimation Method......Page p256.djvu
Statistical Significance......Page p257.djvu
Assessing Overall Model Fit......Page p258.djvu
Casewise Diagnostics......Page p267.djvu
Discriminant Weights......Page p268.djvu
Interpretation of Two or More Functions......Page p269.djvu
Validation Procedures......Page p272.djvu
Profiling Group Differences......Page p273.djvu
Research Design for Discriminant Analysis......Page p274.djvu
Estimation of the Discriminant Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p275.djvu
Interpretation of the Results......Page p287.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p289.djvu
A Three-Group Illustrative Example......Page p290.djvu
Assumptions of Discriminant Analysis......Page p291.djvu
Estimation of the Discriminant Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p292.djvu
Interpretation of Three-Group Discriminant Analysis Results......Page p305.djvu
Validation of the Discriminant Results......Page p311.djvu
A Managerial Overview......Page p312.djvu
Summary......Page p313.djvu
Suggested Readings......Page p315.djvu
References......Page p316.djvu
6 Logistic Regression: Regression with a Binary Dependent Variable......Page p317.djvu
What is Logistic Regression?......Page p319.djvu
Research Design for Logistic Regression......Page p320.djvu
Representation of the Binary Dependent Variable......Page p321.djvu
Sample Size......Page p322.djvu
Estimation the Logistic Regression Model......Page p323.djvu
Assessing the Goodness-of-Fit of the Estimated Model......Page p327.djvu
Interpreting the Coefficients......Page p329.djvu
Overview of Interpreting Coefficients......Page p332.djvu
An Illustrative Example of Logistic Regression......Page p333.djvu
Estimation of the Logistic Regression Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p334.djvu
Interpretation of the Results......Page p340.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p341.djvu
Summary......Page p342.djvu
Suggested Readings......Page p343.djvu
References......Page p344.djvu
7 MANOVA and GLM......Page p345.djvu
MANOVA: Extending Univariate Methods for Assessing Group Differences......Page p349.djvu
Multivariate Procedures for Assessing Group Differences......Page p350.djvu
Analysis Design......Page p353.djvu
Forming the Variate and Assessing Differences......Page p354.djvu
A Decision Process for MANOVA......Page p355.djvu
When Should We Use MANOVA?......Page p356.djvu
Types of Multivariate Questions Suitable for MANOVA......Page p357.djvu
Selecting the Dependent Measures......Page p358.djvu
Factorial Designs-Two or More Treatments......Page p359.djvu
Using Covariates-ANCOVA and MANCOVA......Page p361.djvu
A Special Case of MANOVA: Repeated Measures......Page p363.djvu
Independence......Page p364.djvu
Equality of Variance-Covariance Matrices......Page p365.djvu
Estimation of the MANOVA Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p366.djvu
Estimation with the General Linear Model......Page p368.djvu
Statistical Power of the Multivariate Tests......Page p369.djvu
Assessing Effects on the Dependent Variate......Page p374.djvu
Identifying Differences Between Individual Groups......Page p378.djvu
Assessing Significance for Individual Dependent Variables......Page p380.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p381.djvu
Illustration of a MANOVA Analysis......Page p382.djvu
Difference Between Two Independent Groups......Page p383.djvu
Research Design of the MANOVA......Page p384.djvu
Assumptions in MANOVA......Page p385.djvu
Estimation of the MANOVA Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p386.djvu
Differences Between K Independent Groups......Page p388.djvu
Research Design of MANOVA......Page p389.djvu
Assumptions in MANOVA......Page p390.djvu
Interpretation of the Results......Page p391.djvu
A Factorial Design for MANOVA with Two Independent Variables......Page p394.djvu
Research Design of the MANOVA......Page p395.djvu
Assumptions in MANOVA......Page p397.djvu
Estimation of the MANOVA Model and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p398.djvu
Interpretation of the Results......Page p401.djvu
A Managerial Overview of the Results......Page p402.djvu
Summary......Page p404.djvu
References......Page p406.djvu
8 Conjoint Analysis......Page p408.djvu
What Is Conjoint Analysis?......Page p413.djvu
Specifying Utility, Factors, Levels and Profiles......Page p414.djvu
Gathering Preferences from Respondents......Page p415.djvu
Estimating Part-Worths......Page p416.djvu
Assessing Predictive Accuracy......Page p417.djvu
The Managerial Uses of Conjoint Analysis......Page p418.djvu
Separate Models for Each Individual......Page p419.djvu
Designing a Conjoint Analysis Experiment......Page p420.djvu
Specifying the Determinant Factors......Page p423.djvu
The Design of a Conjoint Analysis......Page p424.djvu
Designing Profiles: Selecting and Defining Factors and Levels......Page p425.djvu
Specifying the Basic Model Form......Page p430.djvu
Data Collection......Page p433.djvu
Assumptions of Conjoint Analysis......Page p440.djvu
Selecting an Estimation Technique......Page p441.djvu
Estimated Part-Worths......Page p444.djvu
Evaluating Model Goodness-of-Fit......Page p445.djvu
Interpreting the Results......Page p446.djvu
Examining the Estimated Part-Worths......Page p447.djvu
Assessing the Relative Importance of Attributes......Page p449.djvu
Managerial Applications of Conjoint Analysis......Page p450.djvu
Profitability Analysis......Page p451.djvu
Conjoint Simulators......Page p452.djvu
Adaptive/Self-Explicated Conjoint: Conjoint with a Large Number of Factors......Page p453.djvu
Choice-Based Conjoint: Adding Another Touch of Realism......Page p455.djvu
An Illustration of Conjoint Analysis......Page p459.djvu
Design of the Conjoint Analysis......Page p460.djvu
Estimating the Conjoint Model and Assessing Overall Model Fit......Page p463.djvu
Interpreting the Results......Page p467.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p471.djvu
A Managerial Application: Use of a Choice Simulator......Page p472.djvu
Summary......Page p473.djvu
Questions......Page p476.djvu
References......Page p477.djvu
III INTERDEPENDENCE TECHNIQUES......Page p481.djvu
9 Cluster Analysis......Page p483.djvu
Conceptual Development with Cluster Analysis......Page p486.djvu
Necessity of Conceptual Support in Cluster Analysis......Page p487.djvu
A Simple Example......Page p488.djvu
Cluster Analysis Decision Process......Page p493.djvu
Objectives of Cluster Analysis......Page p495.djvu
Research Design in Cluster Analysis......Page p496.djvu
Assumptions in Cluster Analysis......Page p504.djvu
Deriving Clusters and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p505.djvu
Interpretation of the Clusters......Page p516.djvu
Validation and Profiling of the Clusters......Page p517.djvu
Objectives of the Cluster Analysis......Page p519.djvu
Research Design of the Cluster Analysis......Page p520.djvu
Assumptions in Cluster Analysis......Page p523.djvu
Employing Hierarchical and Nonhierarchical Methods......Page p524.djvu
Nonhierarchical Cluster Analysis (Stages 4, 5, and 6)......Page p530.djvu
Summary......Page p539.djvu
References......Page p541.djvu
10 Multidimensional Scaling......Page p543.djvu
Comparing Objects......Page p546.djvu
Dimensions: The Basis for Comparison......Page p547.djvu
Creating a Perceptual Map......Page p548.djvu
A Decision Framework for Perceptual Mapping......Page p550.djvu
Key Decisions in Setting Objectives......Page p552.djvu
Research Design of MDS......Page p554.djvu
Selection of Either a Decompositional (Attribute-Free) or Compositional (Attribute-Based)-Approach......Page p555.djvu
Objects: Their Number and Selection......Page p557.djvu
Nonmetric Versus Metric Methods......Page p558.djvu
Collection of Similarity or Preference Data......Page p559.djvu
Deriving the MDS Solution and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p561.djvu
Determining an Object's Position in the Perceptual Map......Page p562.djvu
Selecting the Dimensionality of the Perceptual Map......Page p564.djvu
Incorporating Preferences into MDS......Page p565.djvu
Identifying the Dimensions......Page p570.djvu
Issues in Validation......Page p571.djvu
Overview of Multidimensional Scaling......Page p572.djvu
Objectives of MDS......Page p573.djvu
Research Design of the Perceptual Mapping Study......Page p574.djvu
Deriving MDS Results and Assessing Overall Fit......Page p576.djvu
Interpretation of the Results......Page p580.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p583.djvu
Summary......Page p584.djvu
References......Page p586.djvu
11 Analyzing Nominal Data with Correspondence Analysis......Page p587.djvu
What is Perceptual Mapping?......Page p588.djvu
Differences from other Multivariate Techniques......Page p589.djvu
Utilizing Cross-Tabulated Data......Page p590.djvu
Calculating a Measure of Association or Similarity......Page p591.djvu
Creating the Perceptual Map......Page p593.djvu
Research Design of CA......Page p594.djvu
Determining Impact of Individual Cells......Page p595.djvu
Defining the Character of the Dimensions......Page p596.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p597.djvu
Overview of Correspondence Analysis......Page p598.djvu
Research Design of the CA Study......Page p599.djvu
Estimating a Correspondence Analysis......Page p600.djvu
Interpreting CA Results......Page p602.djvu
Validation of the Results......Page p605.djvu
Summary......Page p606.djvu
References......Page p607.djvu
IV MOVING BEYOND THE BASIC TECHNIQUES......Page p609.djvu
12 Structural Equations Modeling Overview......Page p611.djvu
What is Structural Equation Modeling?......Page p616.djvu
Incorporating Latent Variables Not Measured Directly......Page p617.djvu
Defining a Model......Page p619.djvu
Similarity to Interdependence Techniques......Page p623.djvu
Specifying Relationships......Page p624.djvu
Establishing Causation......Page p625.djvu
Developing a Modeling Strategy......Page p628.djvu
The Research Question......Page p629.djvu
Setting Up the Structural Equation Model for Path Analysis......Page p630.djvu
The Basics of SEM Estimation and Assessment......Page p631.djvu
Six Stages in Structural Equation Modeling......Page p635.djvu
Developing and Specifying the Measurement Model......Page p637.djvu
SEM Notation......Page p638.djvu
Issues in Research Design......Page p639.djvu
Issues in Model Estimation......Page p644.djvu
The Basics of Goodness-of-Fit......Page p646.djvu
Absolute Fit Indices......Page p648.djvu
Parsimony Fit Indices......Page p650.djvu
Problems Associated with Using Fit Indices......Page p651.djvu
Unacceptable Model Specification to Achieve Fit......Page p652.djvu
Guidelines for Establishing Acceptable and Unacceptable Fit......Page p653.djvu
Specifying the Structural Model......Page p655.djvu
Competitive Fit......Page p657.djvu
Testing Structural Relationships......Page p659.djvu
Summary......Page p660.djvu
Suggested Readings......Page p661.djvu
Appendix 12A: Estimating Relationships Using Path Analysis......Page p662.djvu
Appendix 12B: SEM Abbreviations......Page p664.djvu
Appendix 12C: Detail on Selected GOF Indices......Page p665.djvu
References......Page p666.djvu
13 Confirmatory Factor Analysis......Page p668.djvu
CFA and Exploratory Factor Analysis......Page p670.djvu
A Simple Example of CFA and SEM......Page p671.djvu
A Visual Diagram......Page p672.djvu
Defining Individual Constructs......Page p673.djvu
Unidimensionality......Page p674.djvu
Items per Construct......Page p675.djvu
Reflective Versus Formative Constructs......Page p679.djvu
Specifying the Model......Page p680.djvu
Issues in Identification......Page p681.djvu
Problems in Estimation......Page p683.djvu
Assessing Measurement Model Validity......Page p684.djvu
Path Estimates......Page p685.djvu
Construct Validity......Page p686.djvu
Model Diagnostics......Page p688.djvu
Summary Example......Page p691.djvu
Defining Individual Constructs......Page p693.djvu
Developing the Overall Measurement Model......Page p695.djvu
Designing a Study to Produce Empirical Results......Page p696.djvu
Assessing Measurement Model Validity......Page p698.djvu
Summary......Page p704.djvu
Questions......Page p705.djvu
References......Page p706.djvu
14 Testing Structural Equations Models......Page p707.djvu
What is a Structural Model?......Page p708.djvu
A Simple Example of a Structural Model......Page p709.djvu
An Overview of Theory Testing with SEM......Page p710.djvu
One-Step Versus Two-Step Approaches......Page p711.djvu
Model Specification Using a Path Diagram......Page p712.djvu
Designing the Study......Page p716.djvu
Assessing the Structural Model Validity......Page p718.djvu
Understanding Structural Model Fit from CFA Fit......Page p719.djvu
Examine the Model Diagnostics......Page p720.djvu
SEM Illustration......Page p721.djvu
Specifying the Structural Model......Page p722.djvu
Assessing the Structural Model Validity......Page p723.djvu
Summary......Page p730.djvu
References......Page p731.djvu
15 Advanced SEM Topics and PLS......Page p732.djvu
Reflective Versus Formative Measurement Theory......Page p735.djvu
Operationalizing a Formative Construct......Page p736.djvu
Which to Use-Reflective or Formative?......Page p737.djvu
Higher-Order Factor Analysis......Page p739.djvu
Empirical Concerns......Page p740.djvu
Theoretical Concerns......Page p741.djvu
When to Use Higher-Order Factor Analysis......Page p742.djvu
Multiple Groups Analysis......Page p743.djvu
Measurement Model Comparisons......Page p744.djvu
Structural Model Comparisons......Page p748.djvu
Model Specification......Page p749.djvu
Model Interpretation......Page p750.djvu
Mediation......Page p751.djvu
Moderation......Page p755.djvu
Longitudinal Data......Page p757.djvu
Additional Covariance Sources: Timing......Page p758.djvu
Using Error Covariances to Represent Added Covariance......Page p759.djvu
Advantages and Disadvantages of PLS......Page p760.djvu
Choosing PLS Versus SEM......Page p762.djvu
Summary......Page p763.djvu
Suggested Readings......Page p764.djvu