A comprehensive and highly practical survey of the materials, hardware, processes and applications of flexible plastic films. Aimed at a wide audience of engineers, technicians, managers, purchasing agents and users, Multilayer Flexible Packaging provides a thorough introduction to the manufacturing and applications of flexible plastic films, covering: Materials Hardware and Processes Multilayer film designs and applications The materials coverage includes detailed sections on polyethylene, polypropylene and additives. The dies used to produce multilayer films are explored in the hardware section, and the process engineering of film manufacture explained, with a particular focus on meeting specifications and targets. The section includes unique coverage of the problematic area of bending technology, providing a unique explanation of the issues involved in the blending of viscoelastic non-Newtonian polymeric materials. About the author John R. Wagner, Jr. is President of Crescent Associates, Inc., a consulting firm that specializes in plastic films and flexible packaging. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a BS and MS in Chemical Engineering.
Author(s): John R. Wagner Jr.
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 258
Tags: Издательское дело и упаковочное производство;Упаковочное производство;
Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 2
Preface
......Page 3
Acknowledgement
......Page 5
Contributors
......Page 6
Materials: A historical perspective......Page 14
Markets: A global economy......Page 16
Processes, materials, needs......Page 17
Materials and barrier......Page 19
Bringing things together......Page 21
References......Page 22
Low density polyethylene......Page 23
Melt index......Page 24
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)......Page 25
Tube reactor......Page 27
LDPE Homopolymer......Page 28
Copolymers of PE......Page 29
Solution process......Page 30
Slurry processes......Page 31
Ziegler-Natta......Page 32
Single site catalyst (Metallocene)......Page 34
Enhanced polyethylenes (EPE)......Page 36
References......Page 38
Managerial overview......Page 39
Metallocene catalyzed polymerization ofnbsppolypropylene......Page 40
Beta crystallinity......Page 41
Processing......Page 42
Challenges of using polypropylene......Page 43
References......Page 44
Overview......Page 45
Additive handling, addition andnbspdosing......Page 46
Additive types and principal mode of action......Page 47
Influencing the substrate stability during processing or conversion......Page 48
Polyolefins (polypropylene and polyethylene)......Page 49
Influencing the antioxidant effect......Page 50
Polyester......Page 51
Polyvinylchloride......Page 52
Polyamide......Page 53
Chemistry......Page 54
Effect and principle......Page 55
Principle......Page 56
Influencing the slip effect......Page 57
Principle......Page 58
Influencing the antiblock effect......Page 59
Incorporation......Page 60
References......Page 62
Appendix 4.2......Page 63
Introduction......Page 65
Viscosity and melt flow index......Page 66
Mathematical relations......Page 68
Normal stress differences and extrudate swell......Page 71
Stress relaxation and dynamic measurements......Page 73
Constitutive equations......Page 74
Sharkskin, melt fracture and die lip build-up......Page 76
Rheological problems innbspcoextrusion......Page 77
Rheometers......Page 78
Concluding remarks......Page 79
References......Page 80
Overview......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
The adapter......Page 83
The feedblock......Page 84
Rheological background......Page 85
Feedblock designs......Page 89
Die designs......Page 91
Coextrusion systems for flat films andnbspsheet......Page 94
Layer instabilities, causes and prevention......Page 95
Example 1......Page 98
Example 2......Page 99
Summary......Page 100
References......Page 101
Conventional coextrusion dies......Page 102
Stacked dies......Page 104
References......Page 106
Some tools of process engineers......Page 108
Conclusion......Page 110
Blown film......Page 111
Cast film......Page 113
Extrusion coating and lamination......Page 114
References......Page 116
Description of machine direction orientation hardware and technology......Page 117
The process and its effect on the film......Page 118
Properties of machine direction oriented films......Page 119
Increased tensiles......Page 120
Summary......Page 121
References......Page 122
Orienting technologies......Page 123
Films oriented biaxially......Page 129
BOPP films......Page 130
BOPET films......Page 132
BOPS films......Page 135
Other BO films......Page 136
Film oriented in machine direction......Page 137
Trends for oriented films......Page 139
References......Page 140
Why blend?......Page 141
Blending processes......Page 142
Pellet pre-mixing......Page 143
Melt blending......Page 144
Physics of blending......Page 146
Thermodynamics......Page 147
Morphology development innbspimmiscible blends......Page 150
Minor phase concentration in blend......Page 158
Draw ratio......Page 159
Dispersion of rigid particles andnbspnanocomposites......Page 160
Conclusion......Page 162
References......Page 163
Coating uniformity......Page 167
Web coating machine hardware andnbspfunctions......Page 168
Classification of applicators......Page 170
Role of substrate......Page 171
Dip coaters......Page 173
Forward roll coaters......Page 174
Mayer rod or wire-wound rod coaters......Page 175
Air knife coaters......Page 176
Knife coaters......Page 177
Blade coaters......Page 178
Extrusion coaters......Page 179
Slide coaters......Page 180
Precision curtain coaters......Page 181
Gravure coaters......Page 182
Effect of solvent......Page 183
Hot melt coaters......Page 184
Selecting a coating method......Page 185
Drying and solidification......Page 187
References......Page 188
Decorative coatings......Page 189
Gas barrier......Page 191
Functional coatings......Page 192
Security applications......Page 195
Basics of metallization......Page 196
Pattern metallization......Page 201
Trends......Page 202
References......Page 205
Introduction......Page 207
Polymer selection......Page 209
Mechanical properties......Page 210
Barrier properties......Page 211
Polymer sealability......Page 214
Adhesive polymers......Page 216
Medical packaging......Page 218
Primal meat packaging (Shrink)......Page 219
Cereal box liners......Page 220
Cheese packaging......Page 224
Frozen food......Page 225
Fresh-cut produce......Page 226
Stretch wrap......Page 227
High clarity shrink film (oriented)......Page 228
Summary......Page 229
References......Page 231
Technology for multilayer oriented films......Page 233
Structures......Page 235
Consumer Requirements......Page 238
Sustainability......Page 239
Writing guide for packaging films and other multilayer structures......Page 240
Index......Page 250
