Multifaceted Bio-sensing Technology

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
CONTENTS
Contributors
Editors’ biographies
Chapter 1 - Introduction to sensors and types of biosensors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of sensor
1.3 Biosensors
1.3.1 Working principle of a biosensor
1.3.2 Features of a biosensor
1.3.3 General characteristics of a biosensor
1.3.4 Chemosensor versus biosensor
1.3.5 Applications of biosensor
1.3.6 Advantages of biosensors
1.3.7 Disadvantages of biosensors
1.4 Types of biosensors
1.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2 - Progress and prospects of sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Sensors
2.1.2 Classification of sensors
2.2 Introduction to biosensors
2.2.1 Development of biosensors
2.2.2 Evolution of biosensors
2.3 Main components of biosensors
2.4 Characteristics of biosensors
2.5 Classification of biosensors
2.5.1 Based on type of bioreceptor
2.5.2 Based on transducer
2.6 Applications of biosensors
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 - Fundamentals of sensors and biosensors: An overview
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Design of a sensor
3.1.2 Classification of sensor
3.2 Biosensor
3.2.1 History
3.2.2 Components of a biosensor
3.2.2.1 Transducer
3.2.2.2 Bio-recognition elements
3.3 Types of biosensors
3.3.1 Based on transducer
3.3.1.1 Electrochemical biosensors
Amperometric
Potentiometric
Voltammetric
3.3.1.2 Optical biosensors
3.3.1.3 Piezoelectric biosensors
3.3.1.4 Thermometric biosensors
3.3.2 Based on bio-recognition element
3.3.2.1 Immunosensors
3.3.2.2 DNA sensors
3.3.2.3 Enzyme sensors
3.3.2.4 Cell-based biosensors
3.3.2.5 Aptamer-based sensors
3.4 Advantages of biosensors in different field
3.4.1 Health industry
3.4.2 Food industry
3.4.3 Agriculture industry
3.4.4 Smart cities development
3.4.5 Defense industry
3.4.6 In environmental study
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 - Prospect of environmental application of bioelectrochemical sensing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of BESs
4.3 Extracellular electron transfer (EET)
4.4 Direct electron transfer (DET) via electroactive microbes
4.5 Mediated electron transfer (MET)
4.6 Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs)
4.7 Classification of BESs
4.7.1 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
4.7.2 Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs)
4.7.3 Microbial electrosynthesis (MESs)
4.7.4 Microbial desalination cells (MDCs)
4.7.5 Microbial solar cells (MSCs)
4.7.6 Enzymatic biofuel cells (EFCs)
4.8 BESs as a pollution detection biosensor
4.8.1 Acetate detection
4.8.2 Chromium detection
4.8.3 Iron and magnesium detection
4.9 BESs for environmental remediation
4.9.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
4.9.2 Nutrients
4.9.3 Wastewater treatment of textile industry
4.10 Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chapter 5 - Potential and practical applications of bioelectrochemical sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Background
5.1.2 Working principle of biosensors
5.2 Electrochemical biosensors
5.2.1 Measurement techniques for electrochemical biosensors
5.2.1.1 Amperometry
5.2.1.2 Potentiometric
5.2.1.3 Voltammetry
5.2.1.4 Impedimetry
5.2.2 Types of electrochemical biosensors
5.2.2.1 Biocatalytic biosensors
Enzyme-based electrodes
Interference-based enzyme electrodes
Biosensors based on tissue and bacteria
5.2.2.2 Affinity biosensor
Immunoassays and immunosensors
DNA hybridization biosensors
Biosensors based on receptors
5.3 Recognition elements for biosensor
5.3.1 Antibodies
5.3.2 Enzymes
5.3.3 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)
5.3.4 Whole cells
5.3.5 Nucleic acids
5.3.6 Locked nucleic acids (LNAs)
5.3.7 Antibody fragments
5.3.8 Receptors
5.3.9 Lectins
5.3.10 Proteins/peptides
5.3.11 Aptamers
5.3.12 Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs)
5.4 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 6 - Biochemical interfaces for bioelectrochemical sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosensors
6.3 Biointerface
6.4 Urease bioelectrochemical sensor
6.4.1 Fabrication of bioelectrochemical sensor
6.4.2 Detection of concentration of urea by electrochemical method
6.5 Electrochemical enzyme biosensors
6.6 Electrochemical aptamer biosensor
6.7 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors
6.8 Tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG)
6.9 Advances in the applications of the bioelectrochemical sensors
6.10 Electrochemical detection techniques
6.10.1 Amperometric devices
6.10.2 Potentiometric devices
6.10.3 Conductometric devices
6.11 Key challenges for bioelectrochemical interface
References
Chapter 7 - Challenges and future prospects in bioelectrochemical sensors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some applications of bio electrochemical sensors
7.2.1 In clinical diagnosis
7.2.1.1 Glucose detection
7.2.1.2 Pathogen detection
7.2.1.3 Nitric oxide (NO) sensor
7.2.2 In protein and food analysis
7.3 Challenges in devices
7.3.1 Low limit detection (LOD)
7.3.2 Wear resistance and reusability
7.3.3 Matrix effect
7.3.4 Stability
7.4 Challenges in characterization
7.4.1 Optical spectroscopies
7.4.2 Optical microscopy
7.4.3 Fluorescence microscopy
7.4.4 Scanning probe microscopy
7.4.5 Surface analysis challenges
7.4.6 Signal accuracy (false positives and false negatives)
7.5 Future prospects
References
Chapter 8 - Recent advances in bioelectroanalytical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymeric surfaces
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Molecularly imprinting technology
8.2.1 Non-covalent approach
8.2.2 Covalent approach
8.2.3 Semi-covalent approach
8.2.3.1 Template
8.2.3.2 Functional monomers
8.2.3.3 Cross linkers
8.2.3.4 Initiators
8.2.3.5 Solvent
8.3 Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers
8.3.1 Free radical polymerization
8.3.2 Controlled radical polymerization by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer agents
8.3.2.1 Solution polymerization
8.3.2.2 Bulk polymerization
8.3.2.3 Emulsion polymerization
8.3.2.4 Suspension polymerization
8.3.2.5 Inverse suspension polymerization
8.3.2.6 Multi-step swelling polymerization
8.3.2.7 Precipitation polymerization
8.3.2.8 Surface imprinting polymerization
8.3.2.9 Monolithic imprinted polymerization
8.4 Principles behind MIP-based sensors: theoretical aspects
8.5 Recent developments in bioelectrochemical sensors based on MIP surfaces
8.6 Molecularly imprinted polymers: the challenges
8.6.1 Stability
8.6.2 Penetrability and rigidity
8.6.3 Swelling
8.6.4 Template retainment after washing
8.6.5 Selection of functional monomers
8.7 Solutions to the problems
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 - Electrochemical cyclic voltametric and kinetics of vanillin formation over TiMMO electrodes from agroresidue b ...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Experimental
9.2.1 Materials
9.2.2 Electrooxidation experiments
9.2.3 S/G ratio
9.2.4 Analytical methods
9.3 Results and discussion
9.3.1 BL characteristics
9.3.2 S/G ratio by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation
9.3.3 Lignin degradation
9.3.4 Vanillin degradation
9.3.5 Vanillin formation
9.3.6 Kinetic model
9.3.7 Cyclic voltammetry (CV)
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10 - Biosensors as recognition tool for bioelements
10.1 Working of biosensor
10.2 Transducer-based biosensors
10.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
10.2.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
10.2.1.2 First generation biosensors
10.2.1.3 Second generation biosensors
10.2.1.4 Third generation biosensors
10.2.1.5 Potentiometric biosensor
10.2.1.6 Impedimetric biosensor
10.2.1.7 Voltammetric biosensor
10.2.2 Optical biosensors
10.2.3 Magnetic biosensors
10.2.4 Thermal or calorimetric biosensors
10.2.5 Piezoelectric biosensors
10.2.6 Nanobiosensor
10.3 Analyte-based biosensors
10.3.1 Affinity-based biosensors
10.3.1.1 Nucleic acid/DNA biosensors
10.3.1.2 Immunosensors
10.3.1.3 Cell and tissue-based biosensors
10.3.1.4 Ion channel biosensors
10.3.2 Catalytic biosensors
10.3.2.1 Enzyme biosensors
10.3.2.2 Microbial biosensors
10.3.2.3 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)/BOD sensor
10.3.2.4 Baroxymeter sensors
10.3.2.5 Infrared analyzer
10.3.2.6 Biological biosensors
10.4 Applications of biosensor in environmental monitoring
10.4.1 Pesticides monitoring
10.4.1.1 Organophosphorous pesticides
10.4.1.2 Other pesticides
10.4.1.3 Pathogens
10.4.1.4 Potentially toxic elements
10.4.1.5 Toxins
10.4.1.6 Environmental screening
10.4.1.7 Other applications
10.5 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11 - Comprehensive chemistry for electrochemical enzyme biosensors
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Enzymes for biosensors
11.1.1.1 Oxidoreductases
11.1.1.2 Hydrolases
11.1.2 Electrochemical biosensor’s generations
11.1.2.1 First-generation biosensor
11.1.2.2 Second-generation biosensor
11.1.2.3 Third-generation biosensor
11.1.3 Enzyme immobilization
11.1.3.1 Covalent bonding
Activation of carboxylic group on support materials
Activation of amine group on support materials
Activation of hydroxy group on support materials
Gold support materials
11.1.3.2 Crosslinking
11.1.3.3 Adsorption
L ayer-by-layer deposition
Electrochemical doping
11.1.3.4 Affinity bonding
Chelating agent-metal ion-(poly)histidine
Biotin-(strept) avidin
Lectin-carbohydrate
11.1.3.5 Entrapment
Electropolymerization
Photopolymerization
Sol-gel process
11.1.4 Conducting organic polymer
References
CHAPTER 12 - Development of paper biosensors using enzyme immobilized nanostructures using printing electronics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biosensors
12.3 Classification of biosensors
12.4 Structure of biosensors
12.5 Enzymes
12.6 Enzyme immobilization
12.7 Low-cost alternate substrate
12.8 Functional materials
12.9 Printing of functional materials
12.10 Applications of enzyme immobilized printed paper biosensor
12.11 Food safety
12.12 Medical diagnostic
12.13 Conclusions
12.14 Future scope
References
CHAPTER 13 - Scaffold assisted synthesized metallic and semiconductor nanowires for electrochemical biosensing applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis of nanowires
13.3 Electrochemical biosensing applications
13.3.1 Detection/sensing of glutamate in food products
13.3.2 Biosensor for glucose detection
13.3.3 Uric acid biosensor
13.3.4 Immunosensor for sensing of nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP-22)
13.3.5 Electrochemical glucose biosensors
References
Chapter 14 - Biomedical applications of bioelectrochemical sensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of electrochemical biosensors
14.3 Biomedical applications of electrochemical biosensors
14.3.1 Measurement and monitoring of key analytes of human physiological fluids
14.3.1.1 Glucose
14.3.1.2 Cholesterol
14.3.1.3 Lactic acid
14.3.1.4 Uric acid
14.3.1.5 Creatinine
14.3.1.6 Ketone bodies
14.3.1.7 Haemoglobin (Hb)
14.3.2 Neurological transmitters
14.3.2.1 Glutamate (L-glutamic acid)
14.3.2.2 Acetylcholine (ACh)
14.3.2.3 Catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine)
14.3.2.4 Soluble gases
14.3.2.4.1 Nitric oxide (NO)
14.3.2.4.2 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
14.3.3 Drug delivery
14.3.4 Biomedical engineering and technology
References
Index
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