Multifaceted Bamboo: Engineered Products and Other Applications

Preface
Contents
1 Bamboo Resources, Trade, and Utilisation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Bamboo Distribution Around the World
1.3 Source of Bamboo
1.4 World Trade of Bamboo Commodities
1.5 International Trade of Bamboo-Based Construction Products
1.6 Utilisation of Bamboo
References
2 Global Bamboo Industries: An Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Highlights of Bamboo in Upstream Industries
2.2.1 Distribution of Bamboo in Asian–Pacific
2.2.2 Distribution of Bamboo in the American Region
2.2.3 Distribution of Bamboo in the African Region
2.2.4 The Scenario of Bamboo Resources Development
2.3 The Development of Downstream Bamboo Industries
2.3.1 Asia Pacific Industry Development
2.3.2 Bamboo Industry Development in the American Region
2.3.3 Bamboo Industry Development in the African Region
2.4 International Bamboo Trade Insights
2.4.1 HS 140110—Bamboo Raw Materials
2.4.2 HS 440921—Bamboo Flooring
2.4.3 HS 441873—Assembled Bamboo Flooring Panels Used for Construction
2.4.4 HS 441891—Other Bamboo Panels Used for Construction
2.4.5 HS 441210—Bamboo Plywood
2.5 Issues and Prospects Towards Empowerment of Bamboo Industries
References
3 Anatomical Properties of Bamboo
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anatomical Features of Bamboo
3.2.1 Vascular Bundles
3.2.2 Parenchyma
3.2.3 Fibres
3.3 Conclusion
References
4 Traditional and Modern Techniques for Bamboo Preservation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anatomical Composition of Bamboo
4.3 Natural Durability of Bamboo
4.4 Degrading Organisms of Bamboo
4.4.1 Fungal Degradation
4.4.2 Termites and Insect Degradation
4.5 Drying and Protection of Bamboo
4.6 Treatment Practices
4.6.1 Non-chemical Method of Bamboo Protection
4.6.2 Chemical Method of Bamboo Protection
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Chemical Preservation of Bamboo for Structural Application
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preservation of Bamboo
5.2.1 Chemical Preservatives for Bamboo Preservation
5.2.2 Preservation Technique
5.2.3 Relationship Between Bamboo Condition with Chemical Preservation Technique
5.2.4 Treatability
5.3 Quality Assessment of Treated Bamboo
5.3.1 Quantitative Test
5.3.2 Qualitative Test
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Bamboo—A Sustainable Building Material
6.1 What is Bamboo?
6.1.1 Botanical Classification
6.1.2 Geographical Distribution
6.2 Bamboo Culm
6.2.1 Macroscopic Characteristics of Bamboo Culm
6.2.2 Microscopic Characteristics of Bamboo Culm
6.2.3 Physical Properties of Bamboo Culm
6.2.4 Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Culm
6.2.5 Chemical Composition of Bamboo Culm
6.3 Bamboo in Construction
6.3.1 Bamboo Buildings
6.3.2 Bamboo Foundations
6.3.3 Bamboo Floor Decking
6.3.4 Bamboo Walls
6.3.5 Bamboo Roofing
6.3.6 Bamboo Joints
6.4 Bamboo-Based Composites
6.5 Bamboo Species Suitable for Construction
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Malaysian Round Bamboo
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bamboo-Related Research Findings in Malaysia
7.3 Categorization of Bamboo-Related Findings in Malaysia
7.3.1 Wood-Based Panel
7.3.2 Engineered Wood Products
7.3.3 Other Bamboo-Based Composites
7.4 Basic Properties of 13 Commercial Malaysian Bamboo
7.5 Preparation of Round Bamboo
7.6 Testing of Round Bamboo
7.6.1 Static Bending Test—Three-Point Loading Method
7.6.2 Moisture Content, Density and Specific Gravity Determinations
7.6.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Round Bamboo
7.7 Comparison with Other Bamboo Species
References
8 Bonding and Finishing Properties of Bamboo Composite
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Factors Affecting Bonding Properties of Bamboo Composite
8.2.1 Wettability
8.2.2 pH Value and Buffering Capacity
8.2.3 Chemical Composition
8.2.4 Moisture Content and Density
8.3 Bonding Properties of Bamboo Composites
8.4 Finishing Properties of Bamboo Composites
8.4.1 Related Studies on Bamboo Composite Finishing
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Structural Design of Round Bamboo
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Bamboo as Sustainable Material
9.1.2 Machine-Assisted Grading and Visual Grading
9.1.3 Bamboo Capacity
9.1.4 Adjustment Factor
9.2 Definition of Bamboo Geometry
9.2.1 Round Bamboo
9.2.2 Geometry of Bamboo
9.2.3 Physical Properties of Bamboo
9.2.4 Mechanical Properties
9.2.5 Bamboo Defects
9.3 Round Bamboo Grading
9.3.1 Visual Grading
9.3.2 Machine-Assisted Grading
9.3.3 Non-Destructive Testing Grading
9.4 Application of Round Bamboo for Structural Design
9.4.1 Design Principles
9.4.2 Determination of Design Value
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Development of Compressed Bamboo Lamination from Curved Cross-Section Slats
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Morphological Characterization of Bamboo Stem
10.3 Bamboo-Based Products and Laminated Bamboo Manufacture
10.4 Densification Technique and Fixation of Compressed Bamboo Slats
10.4.1 Analysis of Physical Properties
10.4.2 Observation of Anatomical Structures
10.5 Effect of Densification and Steam Treatment on the Laminated Bamboo Quality
10.5.1 Characteristics of Laminated Bamboo Without Compression
10.5.2 Characteristics of Laminated Bamboo with Compression
10.5.3 Microscopic Observation of Laminated Bamboo Sections
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Sugar Production from Bamboo
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Potential of Bamboo as a Chemical Source
11.3 The Recent Method of Bamboo Fractionation and Characterization
11.3.1 Physical Pretreatment
11.3.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment
11.3.3 Chemical Pretreatment
11.3.4 Biological Pretreatment
11.3.5 Combination Pretreatment Methods
11.3.6 Analytical Techniques for a Bamboo Fraction
11.4 The Sugar Production Method, Characteristics, and Prospective Application
11.4.1 Recent Development in Sugar Production
11.4.2 Product Characteristic
11.4.3 Prospective Applications
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Bamboo as Source of Energy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methods to Produce Bamboo Energy Products
12.3 Bamboo as Energy Products
12.3.1 Bamboo for Solid Fuels
12.3.2 Bamboo for Liquid Fuels
12.3.3 Bamboo for Gas Fuels
12.4 Applications of Bioenergy Products from Bamboo
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Potential Application of Bamboo in Furniture Products
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bamboo as Sustainable Material
13.2.1 Malaysian Bamboo Species and Distribution
13.2.2 Bamboo Characteristics and Properties
13.3 The Malaysian Furniture Industry
13.4 Bamboo Potential in the Furniture Industry and Consumer Lifestyle
13.4.1 Transformation of Bamboo Industry Towards Value-Added Products
13.4.2 The Application of Round and Engineered Bamboo in Furniture Design
13.4.3 Bamboo Furniture Design Suit the Consumer Lifestyle
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Bamboo Fiber for Textile Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Bamboo Fiber Extraction
14.3 Basic Properties of Textile Fiber
14.4 Bamboo Textile Processing
14.5 Bamboo Textile Properties
14.6 Application of Bamboo Textile
14.7 Conclusions
References
15 Bamboo for Pulp and Paper
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Potential of Bamboo as Pulp and Paper
15.3 Chemical Composition and Fiber Properties of Bamboo
15.3.1 Chemical Composition
15.3.2 Fiber Properties
15.4 Pulping of Bamboo
15.4.1 Semi-Chemical Pulping
15.4.2 Chemical Pulping
15.4.3 Organosolv Pulping
15.4.4 Biopulping
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Environmental, Social and Economic Sustainability of Bamboo-based Construction Material
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Environmental Sustainability
16.2.1 Renewability
16.2.2 Carbon Sequestration
16.2.3 Embodied Energy
16.2.4 Environmental Pollution
16.3 Social Sustainability
16.3.1 Traditional Skills of Construction and Income Generation Opportunities
16.3.2 Resilience to Disaster
16.3.3 Social Cohesion Opportunities
16.4 Economic Sustainability
16.4.1 Cost of Material
16.4.2 Financial Gain Opportunities
16.5 Conclusion
References