Moving Times : Mobility of the future

Preface
Why This Book?
Contents
1: Introduction: Mobility in Transition
1.1 Mobility Needs and Supply
1.1.1 Cars and the Automotive Industry
1.1.2 Public Mobility
1.1.3 Mobility Services
1.2 Strategic Framework
2: Mobility Needs
2.1 Individual Mobility Needs
2.2 Collective Mobility Needs
2.2.1 Managing Collective Mobility Needs
2.2.2 Meeting Collective Mobility Needs
2.3 Shift in the Concept of “The Market”
3: Mobility Spaces and Mobility Systems
3.1 Geographic and Demographic Context
3.1.1 Topography and Climate
3.1.2 Spatial Structure
3.1.3 Population Size and Density
3.2 General Traffic Conditions
3.2.1 Roads, Cycle Paths, Footpaths
3.2.2 Parking Areas
3.2.3 Traffic Control
3.2.4 Mobility Services
4: Technological Trends
4.1 Electromobility
4.1.1 The Return of the Electric Motor
4.1.2 Types of Electric Vehicles
4.1.2.1 Design Criteria
4.1.2.2 Electrified Drive Concepts
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV)
4.1.2.3 Architectures of Electric Vehicles
Adaptive Design/Conversion
New/Purpose Design
4.1.2.4 Electrified Two-Wheelers
Electric Scooters and Motorcycles
Pedelecs and E-bikes
E-Scooters and Other Small Electric Vehicles
4.1.3 Core Components of the Electric Drive System
4.1.3.1 Electric Motors
Recuperation
Types of Electric Motors
4.1.3.2 Energy Storage Devices
Battery System
Battery Cells
4.1.3.3 Power Electronics
4.1.4 Charging
4.1.4.1 Charging Infrastructure Requirements
Public Charging
Private Charging
4.1.4.2 Billing
4.1.4.3 Intelligent Charging
4.1.4.4 Financing of the Charging Infrastructure
4.1.4.5 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
4.1.4.6 Charging Technology
Technical Framework Conditions
AC Charging
DC Fast Charging
Battery Changing Systems
Inductive Charging
Dynamic Charging
4.1.5 Summary: Advantages of Electromobility
4.1.5.1 Zero Local Emissions
4.1.5.2 Compact Vehicle Concepts
4.1.5.3 Driving Dynamics and Agility
4.1.5.4 Ride and Interior Comfort
4.1.5.5 Operating Costs
4.2 Autonomous Driving
4.2.1 Technology
4.2.1.1 Levels of Automation
4.2.1.2 System Requirements
Function
Safety in Use
Functional Safety
4.2.1.3 System Architecture and Components
System Architecture
Connectivity
Sensors
Actuators
Digital Maps
Learned Behavior and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Autonomous Driving Platform
4.2.2 Autonomous Vehicles
4.2.2.1 Vehicle Concepts
4.2.2.2 Demand, Requirements, and Acceptance
The View of Mobility Customers
View of the Municipalities
View of the Mobility Providers
4.2.3 Legal Aspects
4.2.3.1 Approval Requirements
4.2.3.2 Liability
4.2.4 Autonomous Flying
4.2.4.1 Autonomous Flying as Part of Mobility Systems
4.2.4.2 Realization
4.3 New Vehicle Concepts
4.3.1 Classification of Passenger Car Concepts
4.3.2 New Criteria for Classification
4.4 Digitalization
4.4.1 The Five Stages of Digitalization
4.4.1.1 Stage 1: Digitalization in the Literal Sense
4.4.1.2 Stage 2: Connectivity
4.4.1.3 Stage 3: Mobile Access to the Internet
4.4.1.4 Stage 4: Smartphones
4.4.1.5 Stage 5: Big Data, Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
4.4.2 Digitalization Among Vehicle Manufacturers
4.4.2.1 Digitalization in Vehicle Development
Requirements Clarification
Product Design
4.4.2.2 Digitalization in Production
4.4.2.3 Digitalization in Marketing and Sales
Online Product Configuration
Online Sales
Post Contract Marketing
4.4.2.4 Digitalization During the Use Phase
Data-Based Vehicle Functions
Digital Services in Aftersales
Change from Manufacturer to Service Provider
4.4.2.5 Data-Based Services for Other Mobility Stakeholders
Digital Services for Passengers
Digital Services for the Community
Digital Services for the Benefit of Municipalities
4.4.3 Digitalization in Mobility Services
4.4.3.1 Public Passenger Transport
4.4.3.2 Car Sharing
4.4.3.3 Ride Hailing
4.4.3.4 Breaking the Silos: Cross-Service Aspects
4.4.4 Quality of Data-Based Services
4.4.5 Legal Aspects of Data-Based Services
4.4.5.1 Who May Process Data and Under Which Conditions?
4.4.5.2 When Do Data Have to Be Collected?
4.4.6 Digital Culture: More than Just Full Beards and Sneakers
4.4.6.1 “Old School”: The Way It Is (Or Used to Be) Done
4.4.6.2 Agile: The Magic Formula from Software Development
4.4.6.3 Clash of Cultures: Two Worlds Meet
4.4.6.4 Digital Transformation in Society
5: Mobility as a Service
5.1 The Mobility Classic: The Own Car
5.1.1 The Own Car as an End in Itself
5.1.2 Alternatives to Owning a Car
5.2 Car Sharing: Driving Yourself in a Borrowed Car
5.2.1 Offers and Business Models
5.2.1.1 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Car Sharing
Rental Car
Station-Based Car Sharing
Free-Floating Car Sharing
5.2.1.2 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Car Sharing
5.2.1.3 Corporate Car Sharing
5.2.1.4 Non-Profit Car Sharing
5.2.2 Acceptance of Car Sharing
5.2.2.1 Match and Attractiveness of the Offer
5.2.2.2 Inconvenience of Vehicle Ownership
5.2.2.3 Necessity of Vehicle Ownership
5.2.3 Suitable Vehicle Concepts
5.2.3.1 Requirements for Car-Sharing Vehicles from the User’s Perspective
5.2.3.2 Requirements for Car-Sharing Vehicles from the Operator’s Point of View
5.2.4 Two-Wheel Sharing
5.2.4.1 Bikesharing
User Requirements
Requirements of the Operators
Requirements of the Municipalities
5.2.4.2 Motor Scooter and Motorcycle Sharing
User Requirements
Requirements of the Operators
Requirements of the Municipalities
5.2.4.3 E-Scooter Sharing
User Requirements
Requirements of the Operators
Requirements of the Municipalities
5.3 Ride Sharing Services: Getting Driven Instead of Driving Yourself
5.3.1 Offers and Business Models
5.3.1.1 Ride Hailing
5.3.1.2 Ride Sharing and Carpooling
5.3.1.3 Potentials
5.3.2 Acceptance of Ride Sharing Services
5.3.2.1 The Service Gap Between Taxis and Public Transport
5.3.2.2 Riding in Autonomous Vehicles
5.3.2.3 Safety and Security Related to Ride Sharing Services
5.3.2.4 Ride Sharing Services for Children, the Elderly, and People with Disabilities
5.3.3 Suitable Vehicle Concepts
5.3.3.1 Wasted (Horse) Power
5.3.3.2 Requirements from the User’s Point of View
Ride Comfort and Interior Design
In-Car Connectivity and Entertainment
Security
Status
5.3.3.3 Requirements from the Operator’s Point of View
5.3.3.4 Demand Without Supply
5.4 Public Mobility
5.4.1 What Does “Public” Mean Here?
5.4.1.1 Public Versus Individual Mobility
5.4.1.2 Regulation by Public Authorities
5.4.1.3 Use of Public Infrastructure
5.4.2 Local Public Transport
5.4.2.1 Level 1: High-Speed Rail in the Metropolitan Area
5.4.2.2 Level 2: Urban Rapid Transit Systems
5.4.2.3 Level 3: Light Rail, Buses, and Boats
5.4.3 Long-Distance Public Transport
5.4.4 Regional Public Transport Services
5.4.5 Business Models
5.4.6 Acceptance and Potentials
5.4.6.1 Availability and Travel Time
5.4.6.2 Costs
5.4.6.3 Comfort
5.4.6.4 Safety and Security
6: Social Trends
6.1 Megatrend Sustainability
6.1.1 Meaning of Sustainability
6.1.2 Sustainable Mobility
6.1.2.1 Zero Emissions and Resource Conservation
6.1.2.2 End-to-End Consideration
6.1.2.3 What is Sustainability Worth?
6.1.2.4 Social Justice
6.2 Image of Cars in Society
6.2.1 Who Wants Which Car?
6.2.1.1 Make and Type
6.2.1.2 Motors
6.2.1.3 Autonomous Vehicles
6.2.2 Public Criticism of the Car
6.2.2.1 Local Emissions
6.2.3 Traffic Density and Safety
6.2.3.1 Need for Public Space
6.2.4 Image of the Automotive Industry
6.2.5 Giving Back
6.3 Social Acceptance of Mobility Services
6.4 Regulatory Trends
6.4.1 Regulation of Mobility-Related Environmental Pollution
6.4.1.1 Public Opinion
6.4.1.2 Pollutant Emissions and Air Quality in Cities
6.4.1.3 Vehicle Emissions
Europe
USA
6.4.2 Regulation of the Car Population
6.4.2.1 Restrictions on Acquisition and Use
6.4.3 Financial Support
6.4.3.1 Promotion of Electrically Powered Passenger Cars
6.4.3.2 Promoting Alternatives to the Private Car
7: Looking Ahead
7.1 There Is No Turning Back
7.2 Focus of the Change
7.2.1 Reducing Mobility Needs
7.2.2 Consistent Continuation of Electromobility
7.2.2.1 Distribution of Electric Vehicle Drives
7.2.3 Expansion of the Charging Infrastructure
7.2.4 Fewer Private Cars
7.2.5 Fewer Cars on the Roads
7.2.6 Growing Importance of Social Sustainability
7.3 Five Growth Areas: Where Is the Upward Trend?