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Mortality and Maldevelopment: Part I: congenital cardiovascular malformations (Pt. 1)

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Congenital malformations are worldwide occurrences, they know no national borders, do not distinguish between races, ethnicities, rich or poor. These severe physical abnormalities, present at birth, happen more often than is usually realized, once in every 33 births. They strike every part of the body, limbs, head, heart, and all others.

The most frequent of them all are the many types of malformations of the cardiovascular system, the heart and its blood vessels, which happen in about once in every 250 births. Study of these conditions during the twentieth century took many forms, revolving about examination and analysis of their causes, genetic, nongenetic, and complex. To aid in unraveling the complexities of this causation, various influences on their frequency are considered, among them social conditions, maternal health, birthweight, newborn maturity. And of course the known and possible environmental bases of their occurrence are fully described. The relation of infant death to cardiovascular malformation is noted; and puzzlement that the level of such deaths had not kept pace with the reduction of infant death itself and of that associated with other kinds of malformations during this period.

An introductory record of the history of perinatal mortality in the last three centuries gives foundation for the discussion of death in contemporary decades.

Author(s): Harold Kalter
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2007

Language: English
Pages: 231

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Introduction......Page 10
Things Needing Clarification......Page 11
Frequency of Infant Mortality......Page 12
The Frequency of Neonatal Mortality......Page 13
The 20th Century......Page 14
What Brought about the Infant Mortality Changes?......Page 16
The Microbasis of Infant Mortality......Page 17
Social Distinction and Infant Mortality......Page 18
The Meaning of the Social Gap and its Narrowing......Page 19
Maternal Age and Birth Order......Page 20
Introduction......Page 21
The Causes of Low Birthweight......Page 23
Low Birthweight and Infant Mortality......Page 24
Low Birthweight, Mortality, and Race......Page 26
The Smallness of Black Babies......Page 27
Native-Born Versus Foreign-Born......Page 30
Interracial Studies......Page 31
Intergenerational Evidence......Page 32
Preterm Birth and Perinatal Mortality......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Pathology Studies......Page 37
Congenital Malformations as Causes of Infant Mortality......Page 39
Classification of the Causes of Perinatal Mortality......Page 41
Application of Classifying Systems......Page 43
Causes of Neonatal Versus Postneonatal Mortality......Page 45
Causes of Postneonatal Mortality......Page 48
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Postneonatal Mortality......Page 49
Congenital Malformations in Postneonatal Mortality......Page 50
The term `Perinatal Mortality'......Page 52
Early US Studies......Page 53
British and Irish Studies......Page 55
Later US and Canada Studies......Page 59
Studies Elsewhere......Page 63
Summary and Discussion......Page 64
Introduction to Cardiovascular Malformations......Page 66
The Frequency of Cardiovascular Malformations......Page 67
Early US studies......Page 69
Toronto studies......Page 72
British studies......Page 73
Associated noncardiac malformations......Page 75
Further British studies......Page 77
Scandinavian studies......Page 81
Various other European studies......Page 84
Population studies elsewhere......Page 87
Later US population studies......Page 88
Earliest Studies......Page 92
Scandinavian Studies......Page 94
North American Studies......Page 95
Other Non-European Studies......Page 100
British Studies......Page 102
Cardiovascular Malformations and Birthweight......Page 105
Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Birthweight......Page 107
Introduction......Page 111
Cardiovascular Malformation in Abortion......Page 112
Cardiovascular Malformation in Induced Abortion......Page 113
Cardiovascular Malformation in Spontaneous Abortion......Page 114
Perinatal Pathology Studies in the US......Page 116
Pathology Studies Elsewhere......Page 118
Clinic Studies......Page 122
Population Surveys......Page 124
Cardiovascular Malformation and Chromosomal Abnormality......Page 126
Introduction......Page 130
Population Screening......Page 134
Screening of all Congenital Malformations......Page 139
Screening of Atrioventricular Septal Defect......Page 144
Summary to This Point......Page 146
In Induced Abortions......Page 148
In Stillbirth and Older Ages......Page 149
In Live births......Page 150
Ventricular Septal Defect Trends......Page 151
Ventricular Septal Defect Closure......Page 152
Introduction......Page 155
A Largely Chronological Account......Page 156
Introduction......Page 163
An Epidemiological Miscellany......Page 164
Family Studies......Page 167
Multifactorial Heredity......Page 170
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy......Page 172
Summary......Page 174
Female Sex Hormones......Page 175
Antiepileptic Drugs......Page 176
Epilepsy Incidence......Page 180
Phenylketonuria......Page 181
Rubella......Page 182
Diabetes......Page 184
Mortality and Malformation in Diabetic Pregnancy......Page 188
Gestational Diabetes......Page 189
Retinoids......Page 190
ACE Inhibitors......Page 191
Thalidomide......Page 192
Summing UP, Comment, and Last Word......Page 193
Bibliography......Page 195
Index......Page 225