More Equal than Others?: Perspectives on the Principle of Equality from International and EU Law

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I General/Theoretical Aspects
1 Variations on the Principle of Equality in International and EU Law
1.1 Sovereign Equality as a Structural Principle of the Old International Order
1.2 From Formal Equality to an Attempt to Introduce “Compensating Inequalities”
1.3 Some Examples of Rebalancing: Tailored Obligations, Rights and Responsibilities
1.4 Missed Opportunities? Regression of Egalitarian Claims in the Global Era
1.5 EU Anti-discrimination Law: Equality as Non-Discrimination …
1.6 … and as Equal Treatment
1.7 The ‘Indifference towards Difference’ in the European Neo-Liberalism of the 21st Century
1.8 Managing Equality and Diversity—The ‘Weaker’ Party in EU Private International Law
References
2 Sovereign Inequality and Struggles for Equality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Origins, Rationale and Theories
2.3 Sovereignty
2.4 Different Meanings of Sovereign Equality
2.4.1 Equality of Statehood or Personality
2.4.2 Equality of Representation
2.4.3 Equality of Rights or Obligations
2.4.4 Equality of Legal Protection
2.4.5 Equality of Contribution to the Formation of International Law
2.4.6 Equality Inherent in the World System
2.4.7 Equality of Non-interference
2.4.8 Equality of Strength
2.5 The Dynamics of Sovereign Equality
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Equality of States and Mutual Membership in European Union Law: Contemporary Reflections
3.1 Introduction
3.2 On “Red Lines”, Equality, and Member States’ Prerogatives
3.3 Judicial Unilateralism, Equality, and Authority of EU Law
3.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II Equality of States and International Organizations in International and EU Law
4 Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and Inequality in International Criminal Justice: A Critical Assessment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Third World Approaches to International Law
4.2.1 TWAIL I
4.2.2 TWAIL II
4.3 TWAIL and International Criminal Justice
4.4 TWAIL and the Anti-imperialist Criticism of the International Criminal Court
4.5 New Perspectives: The Situations in Afghanistan and Palestine
4.6 An Assessment of TWAIL’s Views on the ICC and the Court’s Independent Experts Review
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 The Recognition of the Formal Equality of International Organizations by Means of an International Rule of Incorporation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 International Organizations are Created as Unequal Subjects: The Principle of Speciality
5.3 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of Other Subjects
5.3.1 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of States
5.3.2 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of Individuals
5.4 The Development of an International Rule of Incorporation and the Recognition of Formal Equality
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 The “Institutionalized Inequality” of the ESM Voting System: Doubts and Perspectives After the Reform
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The ESM Governance Structure
6.3 The ESM Voting System or the Ultimate Expression of “Institutionalized Inequality”
6.4 What Future for ESM?
6.5 A Possible Reference Model for a New Voting System
6.6 Conclusions
References
Part III Inter-Individual Equality: Human Rights and Conflict of Laws Issues
7 The Status of Workers in EU Free Movement Law: A Difficult Balance Between Equality and Economic Integration
7.1 Introduction: The Unequal Character of Union Citizenship
7.2 The Definition of Worker as a Source of Discrimination
7.3 Open-textured Concepts and Differential Application by National Authorities
7.4 The Exclusion of Unpaid Care Work
7.5 The Uncertain Status of Activities with Prevailing Non-economic Interests
7.6 The Dual Nature of the Free Movement of Workers
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Equality and Heteronormativity: Heterosexual Majority and Homosexual Minority in the European Convention on Human Rights
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Heteronormative Character of the ECHR
8.3 The Application of the Principle of Non-discrimination in the ECHR
8.4 The Application of the Discrimination Test to Additional Rights
8.5 The Application of the Discrimination Test to Core Rights
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Equality, Conflict of Laws and Human Rights
9.1 Preliminary Remarks
9.2 The Principle of Equality and Connecting Factors
9.3 The Choice of the Connecting Factor and the Principle of Equality—Citizenship and Protection for the Fundamental Rights of the Individual
9.4 Residence, Domicile, Registered Office and the Principle of Equality
9.5 Electio Iuris and the Principle of Equality
9.6 The Applicability of the Principle of Equality Under the Public Policy Exception
9.7 Discrimination Resulting from the Operation of Public Policy; Counterlimits
9.8 Potential Discrimination Resulting from the Operation of Overriding Mandatory Provisions
9.9 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Equality in the Application of “Imperative Norms”: A “More Equal than Others” Principle in EU Conflict of Laws in Contractual Matters?
10.1 “More Equal than Others”?—Setting the Frame from a Conflict of Laws Perspective Under the Prism of “Imperative Norms”
10.1.1 Equality in the Application of “Imperative Norms” of the Forum: Theory…
10.1.2 Provisions of the Law Which Cannot be Derogated from by Agreement
10.2 … and Practice
10.3 Imperative Provisions and ‘Quasi-Sister States’ in the Context of EU Integration
References
Part IV Procedural Aspects of Equality
11 Equality Before Courts and Tribunals—The Case for a Comparative Approach
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Comparative Approaches to Procedural Law and the Principle of Party Equality
11.3 The Principle of Equality and Access to Justice: Party Equality and Beyond
References
12 Equality in the Access to the ECtHR—Filling Procedural Gaps Concerning Locus Standi and Representation of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Substantive Equality, Vulnerability and Procedural Issues
12.2.1 Equality in the Access to Justice in Human Rights Law
12.2.2 Fair Process, Equality and Procedural Accommodations in the ECtHR’s Case-Law
12.3 The Procedural Lacuna in the ECHR System: Locus Standi and Representation of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals
12.3.1 The Development of the Case-Law on De Facto Representation
12.3.2 Domestic Locus Standi as a Discriminatory Requirement
12.3.3 Overcoming Domestic Locus Standi and the Need to Distinguish Standing for Applying from Representation
12.4 Filling the Procedural Gap
12.4.1 Interpreting Procedural Rules in the Light of the Principle of Substantial Equality
12.4.2 Inherent Powers and Procedural Cross-Fertilization
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Residual Jurisdiction in Civil and Commercial Matters Through the Lens of Non-discrimination and Reciprocity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Influence of the Right to a Fair Trial on Private International Law Rules on Jurisdiction: The Issue of Exorbitant Fora
13.3 Scope of Application of EU Jurisdictional Rules in Civil and Commercial Matters
13.3.1 Potentially Discriminatory Effects of the Residual Application of National Rules on Jurisdiction
13.3.2 The Extension of the Rules on Jurisdiction to Non-EU-Domiciled Defendants in the Brussels I Regulation Recast: Some Remarks
13.4 Reconsidering the Unilateral Extension of EU Private International Law Rules on Jurisdiction Over Ten Years After the Brussels I Regulation Recast Proposal
13.4.1 The Italian Statute on Private International Law as an Example of the Unilateral Extension of EU Jurisdictional Rules in Civil and Commercial Matters
13.4.2 The Italian Solution and The Dichotomy Between the Brussels Convention and The Brussels Regulations in Civil and Commercial Matters: Critical Issues
13.5 Multilateralism as a Tool to Pursue Policy Goals Through Reciprocity
13.5.1 Efforts to Ensure a Worldwide Harmonisation within the Hague Conference on Private International Law
13.5.2 The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 Equality and Asymmetry in Treaty-Based Investment Arbitration: Counterclaims by Host States
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Counterclaims in International Procedural Law
14.3 Counterclaims Under the ICSID Convention and IIAs
14.4 The Approach of Arbitral Tribunals to Host States’ Counterclaims
14.4.1 Consent
14.4.2 Direct Connection
14.4.3 Applicable Law and Merits Issues: The Investor’s Respect of Human Rights
14.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Part V Epilogue
15 Animal Farm, International Law: A Fictional Epilogue
15.1 Keyhole
15.2 Cosplay
15.3 The Sighting
15.4 The Inquiry
15.5 Squiggly Lines
15.6 The Report
15.7 Porcine Positivism
15.8 The Advisory Opinion
15.9 The Plea
15.10 About This Text
Further Reading
16 General Conclusions: (In)Equalities and International Law: Between Old and New Forms
16.1 Introductory Remarks
16.2 Inequality as a Disvalue
16.3 Institutionalized Inequality
16.4 Constitutive Inequality
16.5 Final Remarks
References