Montology Palimpsest: A Primer of Mountain Geographies

Foreword
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: A Palimpsest of Mountain Geographies
References
Part I: The Pioneering Dimension
Chapter 2: Mountain Studies and Research in the Eighteenth Century: The Contributions of Horace Bénédict de Saussure and Alexander von Humboldt to the Study of Mountains
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Mountain as an Object of Study: Between Discovery and Invention
2.3 The First Modern Scientific Approaches to Mountains
2.4 On De Saussure and His Contribution to the Knowledge of Mountains
2.5 Humboldt’s Contributions to Mountain Studies
2.6 Final Thoughts: A New Way of Seeing and Feeling Mountains
References
Chapter 3: Mountain Development Adventure: The Hillary Model Behind the Hillary Medal
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Hillary Model
3.2.1 Why Is the Medal Not Named for Both Hillary and Tenzing Norgay?
3.2.2 What Was So Remarkable about Hillary’s Service?
3.2.3 What Is the Hillary Model of Development Assistance?
3.2.4 Who is Eligible to Win the Hillary Medal?
3.2.5 How Does “Adventure” Figure in the Hillary Model?
3.3 The Medalists and the Model
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Historical and Contemporary Contributions of the “Climber-Scientist” to Mountain Geography
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Golden Age of the Climber-Scientist: Gone Forever?
4.3 The Climber-Scientists
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: The Human Dimension
Chapter 5: Montology along Geopolitical and Cultural Appropriations: “Mountain” as a Social Construct
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historicity
5.3 Transgressivity
5.4 Mountains, Transdisciplinary Subjects
5.5 Geocritical Montology Spatialities
5.6 Convergence of Mountain Lore
5.7 The Referentiality of Mountains
5.8 Human Impacts on Mountain Services
5.9 Mountains in a Changing State of Mind
5.10 The Road Ahead: Looking for Paradise?
5.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Human Diversity, Identities, and Indigeneity in Contrasting Mountain Landscapes
6.1 Introductory Remarks
6.2 Distribution of Mountain People
6.3 Mountain Indigeneities
6.4 Mountain Identities Around the World
6.5 Indigeneity and Human Identities in the Andes
6.6 Sustaining Indigenous Communities: Andean Experiences
6.7 Identities and Indigeneities of High Asian Mountainscapes
6.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Mountain Landscapes as “Lifescapes”: Sustaining Traditional Biocultural Heritage and Supporting Resilience in the Asia-Pacific Region
7.1 Landscapes, Lifescapes, and Biocultural Heritage
7.2 Strengthening Nature-Culture Linkages in Heritage Conservation Through Capacity-Building
7.3 Biocultural Heritage of Traditional Agricultural Landscapes
7.3.1 Japanese Case-Study Experience
7.3.2 Regional Case-Study Experience
7.4 Biocultural Heritage of Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes
7.4.1 Japanese Case Study Experience
7.4.2 Regional Case-Study Experience
7.5 Biocultural Heritage and Resilience
7.5.1 Japanese Case-Study Experience
7.5.2 Regional Case Study Experience
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Urbanization and the Verticality of Rural–Urban Linkages in Mountains
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Urbanizing Mountains: A Conceptual Approximation
8.2.1 Wilderness, Rural, or Urban?
8.2.2 From Urban Cities to Planetary Urbanization
8.2.3 Verticality as a Key to Understanding Mountains
8.3 Urban Montology: The Verticality of Rural–Urban Linkages
8.3.1 Ecosystemic Linkages
8.3.2 Infrastructural Linkages
8.3.3 Demographic Linkages
8.3.4 Economic Linkages
8.3.5 Sociocultural Linkages
8.4 Conclusion
References
Part III: The Physical Dimension
Chapter 9: Trends of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Mountain Regions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Data and Methods
9.3 Recurrent Land Use and Land Cover Trends in Mountain Regions
9.3.1 Land Use Change
9.3.2 Land Cover Change
9.4 Technical and Systemic Limitations of the LULCC Approach in Mountains
9.5 Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: Atmospheric Envelopes and Glacial Retreat
10.1 Introduction: Atmospheric Dynamics to Interact with Mountains
10.1.1 Land–Atmosphere Interactions to Determine Local Weather and Climate
10.1.2 Cloud and Precipitation Activities Affected by Topography
10.2 Glacial Dynamics in the Tropical Mountains
10.2.1 Glacial Extent and Changes in the Last Two Decades
10.2.2 Factors Influencing Glacial Recession in the Tropical Region
10.2.3 Consequences of Glacial Retreat
References
Chapter 11: Mountain Landslides: An Overview of Common Types and Future Impacts
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Landslide Anatomy
11.3 Common Landslide Materials
11.4 Landslide Movement Types
11.5 Landslide Causes and Triggers
11.6 Landslide Legacies in Mountains
11.7 Human Impact on Landslides
11.7.1 Climate Change
11.7.1.1 The Current State of the Climate
11.7.1.2 Possible Climate Futures
11.7.2 Urbanization Processes
11.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: The Spiritual Dimension
Chapter 12: The Spiritual and Cultural Importance of Mountains
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mountain Themes
12.3 Mountain Views and Metaphors
12.4 A Widespread Human Phenomenon
12.5 Conclusions: Mountains and Environmental Conservation
References
Chapter 13: A Biocultural Ethic for Coinhabiting Mountainous Rivers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fluvial Ontologies
13.3 Biocultural Rights of Rivers in Twenty-First-Century Constitutions
13.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: High-Altitude Archaeology and the Anthropology of Sacred Mountains: 25 Years of Explorations and Disseminations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Initial Scholarship of High-Altitude Archaeology
14.3 Anecdotal Archaeological Methodologies
14.4 Mountain Processions in the High Andes
14.5 Sacred Volcanoes in Easter Island
14.6 Sacred Mountains of Thailand
14.7 Gargano: The Holy Mountain of Father Pío
14.8 Sacred Peaks in the Basque Country
14.9 The Way to Santiago and the Sacred Mountains of Galicia
14.10 Sacred Volcanoes in Costa Rica
14.11 Sacred Mountains in the Canary Islands
14.12 Sacred Mountains in Ireland
14.13 Sacred Mountains in Australia
14.14 Sacred Heights in Scotland
14.15 Sacred Peaks of the Pyrenees
14.16 Sacred Mountains in Norway
14.17 Sacred Volcanoes in Iceland
14.18 Final Considerations and Conclusions
References
Part V: The Biogeographical Dimension
Chapter 15: The Palaeoecological View from the Mountains
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Long Glacial Interglacial Records
15.3 The Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition
15.4 Cultivation and Settlement
15.5 Peopling the Flank
15.6 Extreme Events
15.7 The Prospect for More Palaeoecological Records
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Mountain Waterscapes: Geographies of Interactions, Transformations, and Meanings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Water in Mountains: Physical Geography
16.2.1 Mountains Control Local/Regional Hydroclimatic Patterns
16.2.2 Mountains Store and Release Water
16.3 Mountain Water Use and Management
16.3.1 Water Uses: Tangible and Intangible
16.3.2 Mountain Water Management
16.4 Water as Hazard
16.5 Prospects for Mountain Waterscapes
References
Chapter 17: Biogeography of Knowledges in the Mountainous Anthropocene: Hybrid Conceptual and Practical Spaces within GeoHumanities
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Medicinal Plants as Biogeographical Entities
17.3 Several Turns Adjusting or Composing the GeoHumanities, Geohistory, Environmental History, and Knowledges’ History
17.4 Centaurium cachanlahuen (Mol.) Robinson as a Knowledge’s Subject
17.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 18: Agrobiodiversity in Mountain Territories: Family Farming and the Challenges of Social-Environmental Changes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Family Farming in Mountain Territories
18.3 Historical Social-Environmental Processes Influencing Mountain Family Farming
18.3.1 The Influence of Agrarian Modernization
18.3.2 Climate Change: Strategies for Fostering Resilience and Improving Adaptation
18.3.3 Institutional Change: Promoting Inclusive Governance Models
18.4 Looking Forward and Upward: Local Responses to Strengthening Food Sovereignty in Mountain Landscapes
18.5 Conclusion
References
Part VI: The Conservation Dimension
Chapter 19: Construction of Disaster Risk in Mountain Systems and its Integrated Management
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Disaster Risk and Disasters as Social Constructs
19.3 Disaster Risk Drivers in Mountain Systems
19.4 Mountain Hazards
19.5 Integrated Disaster Risk Management in Mountain Systems
19.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 20: Population Movements, Colonization Trends, and Amenity Migrants in Mountainscapes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Migration as a Relative Term
20.3 The Great Andean Civilizations: A Long-Term Commitment to Mountain Habitation
20.4 Mountain Migratory Pathways for Prehistoric Peoples
20.5 Mobility as a Basic Condition for Survival in Mountains
20.6 Leaving the Mountains and Out-Migration
20.7 Modern Amenity Migration to Mountain Regions
20.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Mountain Protected Areas and Ecotourism for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Ecuador
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Results
21.2.1 Mountain Landscape
21.2.2 Mountain Protected Areas
21.2.2.1 History and Importance of Protected Areas
21.2.2.2 Ecotourism in Protected Areas
21.2.2.3 Management Categories of Protected Areas in Ecuador
Geoparks
Analysis of Public Policy Related to Protected Areas in Ecuador
21.2.3 Ecotourism in Mountain Areas
21.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 22: Mountain Biosphere Reserves as Model Territories: Reconciling the Goals of Biological/Cultural Heritage Conservation and Development
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 UNESCO’s MAB Programme with Its World Network of Biosphere Reserves
22.1.2 Mountain Biosphere Reserves
22.1.3 Transboundary Biosphere Reserve ‘Great Altai’ in the Centre of Continental Asia
22.2 Environment and Zonation of the TBR
22.3 Joint Management and Activities Within the TBR ‘Great Altai’
22.4 Perspectives of the TBR ‘Great Altai’
22.5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 23: World Heritage and Mountain Sites
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Mountain Areas on the World Heritage List: Linking Culture and Nature
23.2.1 Threats to Mountain Sites
23.3 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Other Sources
Web Pages
Oral Archives
Museums
Part VII: The Epistemological Dimension
Chapter 24: Ecosystem Services and Benefits of Nature to People: Global Change Pressures and Conflicts of Use in Mountainscapes
24.1 Mountain Ecosystem Services
24.2 Anthropogenic Pressures on Mountain Ecosystem Services
24.2.1 Case Study: Impacts of Land-Use Changes on Ecosystem Services in the European Alps
24.3 Conflicts of Use
24.3.1 Case Study: Global Change Pressures on Mountain Lakes and Conflicting Interests
24.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 25: The Metascientific Approaches to Montology
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Material and Methods
25.3 Results and Discussion
25.3.1 Metascientific Approaches in Montology
25.3.2 Relationship Between Metascientific Approaches and Metamontology
25.3.3 Metamontology: Its Contribution to Its Development
25.3.4 Metascientific Position of Metamontology
25.3.5 Information Flow in Metamontology
25.3.6 Relationship Between Nature and Approach in Montology
25.3.7 Intradisciplinary Approach in Montology
25.3.8 Conceptual Montology
25.3.9 The Nature of Montology
25.3.10 Development of Montology
25.3.11 The Palimpsest of the Mountainscape and Montology
25.3.12 Some Remarks to Intradisciplinary Position of Montology
25.3.13 The Definition of Montology
25.3.14 The System of Montology
25.3.15 The Interdisciplinary Approach in Montology
25.3.16 The Multidisciplinary Approach in Montology
25.3.17 The Transdisciplinary Approach in Montology
25.3.18 The Future Development of Montology
25.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Terminology and Argot Woes in the Corpus of Mountain Geographies
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Genderized Mountains and the Bodily Metaphors
26.3 Onomastics for Biological Inventories
26.4 Vernacular Classifications
26.5 A Matter of Convergent Lingo
26.6 Conclusion: Transdisciplinarity in Montology
References
Further Reading
Montology Glossary
Chapter 27: Concluding Remarks
Mountain Jargon Acronyms
Index