Monitoring and Managing Multi-hazards: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Key Features
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
Multi-hazards Monitoring
1 Evaluating the Multi-Hazards Threats Due to Aridity, Sea Level Upsurge in the Coastal Areas of North Tamil Nadu, South India
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methods
1.2.1 General Profile of the Study Area
1.2.2 Methods
1.2.2.1 Climate Data Analysis and Models
1.2.2.2 De Martonne Aridity Index
1.2.2.3 Pinna Combinative Index
1.2.2.4 Sea Level Rise Projections
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.3.1 Observed and Simulated Anomaly in Temperature and Rainfall Over Chengalpet
1.3.2 Projected Aridity Status Over Chengalpet
1.3.3 Pinna Combinative Index-Based Aridity Over Chengalpet
1.3.4 Sea Level Rise
1.3.5 Groundwater Status Over Chengalpet
1.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
2 Active Tectonics and Associated Channel Shifting Pattern of Neora River Basin, Darjeeling Himalaya
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Database
2.2.3 Methods
2.2.3.1 Asymmetry Factor
2.2.3.2 Transverse Topographic Symmetric Factor (T Vector)
2.2.4 Regional Geomorphology and Geology
2.2.5 Results
2.2.6 Discussion
2.3 Conclusions
References
3 Estimating Soil Loss Rate and Sediment Yield of the Proposed Ngololweni Earth Dam, Kingdom of Eswatini
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Study Area
3.2.2 Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2.3 Meteorological and Hydrological Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2.4 Land Use and Land Cover Images
3.2.5 Validation of Land Use/land Cover Classification
3.2.6 Application of the RUSLE Model for Estimation of Sediment Yield in the Catchment
3.2.7 Application of Runoff Plots and Particle Size Analysis
3.2.8 Estimation of Soil Loss Rates
3.2.9 Grab Sampling and Sediment Concentration
3.2.10 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR)
3.2.11 Trap Efficiency and Release Efficiency of Reservoirs
3.2.12 Determining the Influence of Some of the RUSLE Factors on the Soil Loss Rate
3.2.13 Stakeholder Engagement
3.2.14 Multi-Criteria Analysis in the Development of Management Strategies
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Changes
3.3.2 Accuracy Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Classification
3.3.3 Estimation of Soil Loss in the Catchment Using RUSLE Model
3.3.4 Application of Runoff Plots Soil Loss Analysis
3.3.5 Particle Size Analysis
3.3.6 Estimation of Reservoir Sedimentation Rate and Economic Life
3.3.7 Proposed Soil Loss and Sedimentation Mitigation and Management Strategies
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis in Dibrugarh District of Assam, North-East India
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology and Materials
4.2.1 Study Area
4.2.2 Parameters Used in the Analysis of Flood Susceptibility
4.2.2.1 Elevation
4.2.2.2 Slope
4.2.2.3 Drainage Density (DD)
4.2.2.4 Distance to River (DR)
4.2.2.5 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
4.2.2.6 Rainfall Intensity (RI)
4.2.2.7 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
4.2.2.8 Stream Power Index (SPI)
4.2.3 Multicollinearity Analysis
4.2.4 Assignment of Weight and Rank to Each Thematic Layer
4.2.5 Consistency Analysis
4.2.6 Weighted Overlay Analysis
4.2.7 Sensitivity Analysis
4.2.7.1 Analysis of Single Parameter Sensitivity
4.2.7.2 Map Removal Sensitivity Analysis (MRSA)
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Analysis of Multicollinearity
4.3.1.1 Flood Susceptibility Zonation and Validation
4.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis of FSZ Map
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Effects of Climatic Hazards on Agriculture in the Teesta Basin of Bangladesh
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Data and Methods
5.2.1 Study Area
5.2.2 Sample Size and Sampling
5.2.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Vulnerable Location to Flood
5.3.2 Effects of Climatic Hazards on Agriculture
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 Mizoram, the Capital of Landslide: A Review of Articles Published on Landslides in Mizoram, India
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 Application of Geostatistical and Geospatial Techniques for Groundwater Quality Vulnerability Assessment Using Hydrogeochemical Parameters: A Case Study of NCT Delhi
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Data and Methodology
7.3.1 Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Hydrogeochemical Nature of Groundwater Quality Parameters
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8 A Literature Review of the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Land Surface Temperature and Air Quality of India
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Land Surface Temperature
8.3 Air Quality
8.4 Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on LST and Air Quality in India
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variation of Chlorophyll and Sea Surface Temperature in Northern and Southern Arabian Sea, India
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Study Area
9.2.2 Methods
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Analysis of Northern Arabian Sea (NAS)
9.3.2 Seasonal Variation of Chlorophyll and SST (NAS)
9.3.3 Inter-Annual Variation of Chlorophyll (NAS)
9.3.4 Analysis of Southern Arabian Sea (SAS)
9.3.5 Seasonal Variation of Chlorophyll and SST (SAS)
9.3.6 Inter-Annual Variation Chlorophyll and SST (SAS)
9.3.7 Chlorophyll and SST Variation
9.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
10 Application of a Geospatial-Based Subjective MCDM Method for Flood Susceptibility Modeling in Teesta River Basin, West Bengal, India
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Area
10.3 Materials and Methods
10.3.1 Data Sources
10.3.2 Flood Influencing Factors
10.3.2.1 Elevation
10.3.2.2 Slope
10.3.2.3 TPI
10.3.2.4 SPI
10.3.2.5 NDVI
10.3.2.6 Drainage Density
10.3.2.7 Annual Rainfall (2003–2020)
10.3.2.8 Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
10.3.2.9 Lithology
10.3.2.10 Distance from River
10.3.3 The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
10.3.4 ROC and AUC Analysis
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.4.1 Weightage of Flood Influencing Factors
10.4.2 Flood Susceptibility Map
10.4.3 Justification of Model Performance
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Flood Frequency Analysis of Baitarani River Using Three Probability Distributions
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Study Area
11.2.2 Database
11.2.3 Methodology
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.4 Conclusions
References
12 Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method to Flood Risk Assessment at Sub-Himalayan Region Using Geospatial Data: A Case Study of Alipurduar District, West Bengal, India
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area
12.3 History of Floods in the Sub-Himalayan Region of the Alipurduar District
12.4 Geospatial Data Collection and Thematic Layer Preparation Technique
12.5 Identification of Multicollinearity Problems in Variables
12.6 Normalized Weight Assignment Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Based AHP Method
12.7 Flood Susceptibility, Vulnerability, and Risk Zonation Map Preparation
12.8 Flood Inventory Map
12.9 Flood Susceptibility Indicators
12.9.1 Elevation
12.9.2 Slope
12.9.3 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
12.9.4 Topographic Position Index (TPI)
12.9.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
12.9.6 Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
12.9.7 Drainage Density (DD)
12.9.8 Distance from the River
12.9.9 Rainfall Intensity (RI/MFI)
12.9.10 Geology
12.9.11 Sediment Transportation Index (STI)
12.9.12 Stream Power Index (SPI)
12.10 Flood Vulnerability Indicators
12.10.1 Population Density
12.10.2 Household Density
12.10.3 Literacy Rate
12.10.4 Employment Rate
12.10.5 Flood Shelter Distance
12.10.6 Distance to Hospital
12.10.7 Distance to Road
12.10.8 Land Use and Land Cover
12.10.9 Sensitivity Analysis
12.11 Results and Discussion
12.11.1 Spatial Variation of Flood Susceptibility in the Alipurduar District
12.11.2 Spatial Variation of Flood Vulnerability in Alipurduar District
12.11.3 Spatial Distribution of Flood Risk
12.12 Model Validation
12.13 Conclusions
References
13 GIS-Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study from Kegalle District, Sri Lanka
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 Landslide Causative Factors
13.2.3 Data Acquisition and Pre-process
13.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process
13.2.5 Validation of the Susceptibility Model
13.2.6 Landslide Susceptibility Modeling
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation and Analysis: A Review on Articles Published During 2000 to 2020
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Temporal Trend of Published Articles
14.3.2 Spatial Trend of Published Articles
14.3.3 The Trend of Publishing Journals
14.3.4 Trending of Methodology
14.3.5 Authors
14.4 Summary of Reviews
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Assessment of the Social Impact of Arsenicosis Through Groundwater Arsenic Poisoning in Malda District
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Database and Methodology
15.2.1 Study Area
15.2.2 Database
15.2.3 Methods
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Exploratory Statistics of Social Impact of Arsenicosis
15.3.2 Social Instability
15.3.2.1 Forced to Leave the Village
15.3.2.2 Migration Due to Arsenicosis Illness
15.3.2.3 Untouchability
15.3.2.4 Relatives Discontinued Visiting Arsenic-Affected Villages
15.3.2.5 Increasing Rate of Dropout
15.3.2.6 Child Labor
15.3.2.7 Noncooperation
15.3.2.8 Refused to Water Collection
15.3.2.9 Problem of Selling Cultivated Products
15.3.2.10 Avoided Social Activities
15.3.3 Ostracism and Depression
15.3.3.1 Preference of Remain Unidentified
15.3.3.2 Loss of Faith
15.3.3.3 Parent’s Depression
15.3.3.4 Hamper the Child Education
15.3.3.5 Spending Money on Treatment is a Waste of Opinion
15.3.3.6 Tendency to Suicide
15.3.4 Impact on Women
15.3.4.1 Mental Stress
15.3.4.2 Denied of Marriage
15.3.4.3 Dowry
15.3.4.4 Debarred from the Social Function
15.3.5 Social Vulnerability Index
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Groundwater Depletion Zonation Using Geospatial Technique and TOPSIS in Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Study Area
16.3 Database and Methodology
16.3.1 Database
16.3.2 Methodology
16.3.2.1 Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
16.3.2.2 Cropping Intensity
16.3.2.3 Irrigation Intensity
16.3.2.4 GMIS
16.3.3 GWD Data
16.3.3.1 Mann–Kendall Test
16.3.3.2 Sen’s Slope Estimator
16.3.3.3 Population Density
16.3.3.4 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
16.3.4 Multicollinearity
16.3.5 Method of TOPSIS
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 Multicollinearity
16.4.2 Causative Factors of Groundwater Depletion
16.5 TPOSIS Model
16.6 Conclusion
16.7 Data Availability Statement
References
Multi-hazards Management
17 Terrain Sensitivity Guided and People’s Perception Based Risk Area Management of the Hills of Darjeeling District, India
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Area of Study
17.3 Environmental Planning
17.4 Materials and Methods
17.5 Findings and Discussion
17.5.1 People’s Perception on the Built Environment
17.5.2 People’s Perception on the Need of Planning and Management
17.5.3 Environmental Planning and Management for the Study Area
17.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
18 Wastewater Treatment in India—A New Perspective
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Status of Domestic/Sewage/Municipal Wastewater and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in India
18.3 Status of Industrial Wastewater Treatment in India
18.4 Present Methods of Wastewater Treatment in India
18.5 Need for Biological Wastewater Treatment
18.6 Mechanisms Involved in Biological Wastewater Treatment
18.7 Classification of Biological Wastewater Treatment Based on Oxygen Demand
18.7.1 Aerobic Processes
18.7.2 Anaerobic Processes
18.8 Classification of Biological Wastewater Treatment Based on Growth Condition of Bioremediators Within a Bioreactor
18.8.1 Attached Growth Processes
18.8.2 Suspended Growth Processes
18.9 Biological Removal of nitrogen and Phosphorus
18.10 Valuable End Products of Biological Wastewater Treatment
18.11 Instances of Innovative Methods of Wastewater Treatment
18.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
19 Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture at Teesta Basin in Bangladesh
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Study Area
19.2.2 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure
19.2.3 Data Collection Tools
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Adaptation Measures to Climate Change
19.3.2 Indigenous Adaptation Measures
19.3.3 Institutional Interventions in Facilitating Adaptation to Climate Change
19.4 Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
20 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Through the Spatial Approach: A Case Study of the Badiadka Panchayath, Kerala
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and Methods
20.2.1 Study Area
20.2.2 Methods
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Land Use Land Cover Distribution
20.3.2 LCR and LAC
20.3.3 Land Use Land Cover Change: Trend and Rate
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones Through AHP: A Case Study from Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Aim and Objective
21.3 Study Area
21.4 Data Collection
21.5 Methodology
21.5.1 Weights and Rank Determination Using AHP
21.6 Results and Discussion
21.7 Groundwater Potential Zone (GWPZ)
21.8 Groundwater Potential Zone Validation Using Well Yield (GWPZ)
21.9 Conclusions
References
22 Expected Climate-Induced Alterations in Sugarcane Yield and Its Agronomic Adaptation Strategies
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.2.1 Profile of the Study Area
22.2.2 Model-Based Crop Yield Impact Assessment
22.2.3 Agronomic Adaptation Simulation Using Changes in Sowing Date Using DSSAT
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index