Moller’s Essentials of Pediatric Cardiology

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Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Tools to diagnose cardiac conditions in children
History
General principles of the cardiovascular history
Chief complaint and/or presenting sign
Physical Examination
Vital signs
Cardiac examination
Percussion
Abdominal examination
Laboratory Examination
Electrocardiography
Chest X-ray
Pulse oximetry
Blood counts
Echocardiography
Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography
Computed tomography
Cardiac catheterization
Exercise testing
Additional Reading
Chapter 2: Environmental and genetic conditions associated with heart disease in children
Syndromes Associated With Maternal Conditions
Maternal diabetes mellitus
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection
Maternal inflammatory (collagen vascular) disease
Maternal phenylketonuria
Maternal rubella infection
Medications and Other Agents
Retinoic acid
Lithium
Other drugs and environmental exposures
Syndromes With Gross Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Turner syndrome (45, X; monosomy X)
Trisomy 18 syndrome
Trisomy 13 syndrome
Syndromes With Chromosomal Abnormalities Detectable By Special Cytogenetic Techniques
DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome(22q11.2 deletion)
Williams syndrome (Williams–Beuren syndrome)
Other Syndromes With Familial Occurrence
Noonan syndrome and related conditions
Limb/heart syndromes
Clinical Genetic Evaluation
Family history
Genetic testing
Additional Reading
Chapter 3: Classification and physiology of congenital heart disease in children
Pathophysiology
Hemodynamic principles
Communication at the atrial level
Obstructions
Valvar regurgitation
Pulmonary hypertension
Increased pulmonary blood flow (Q)
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance (R)
Clinical Correlation
Diagnosis
Severity
Etiology
Chapter 4: Anomalies with a left-to-right shunt in children
Shunts at Ventricular or Great Vessel Level
Ventricular Septal Defect
Large ventricular septal defect
Small or medium ventricular septal defects
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
History
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Natural history
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Atrial Septal Defect
History
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Natural history
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization
Operative considerations
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
History
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Natural history
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization
Operative considerations
Chapter 5: Conditions obstructing blood flow in children
Coarctation of the Aorta
History
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Natural history
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization and angiography
Treatment
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic valvar stenosis
Discrete membranous subaortic stenosis
Supravalvar aortic stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
Valvar pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis secondary to dysplastic pulmonary valve
Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis
Chapter 6: Congenital heart disease with a right-to-left shunt in children
Admixture Lesions
Complete transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA); or transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV).
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection/return (TAPVC or TAPVR)
TAPVC without obstruction
TAPVC with obstruction
Common arterial trunk (truncus arteriosus)
Cyanosis and Diminished Pulmonary Blood Flow
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy “variants”
Tricuspid atresia
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Ebstein’s malformation of the tricuspid valve
Chapter 7: Unusual forms of congenital heart disease in children
Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels/arteries
Operative treatment
Natural history
Malposition of the Heart
Situs solitus
Dextrocardia
Levocardia
Heterotaxy Syndromes
Asplenia syndrome (bilateral right-sidedness, right atrialisomerism, right atrial appendage isomerism)
Polysplenia syndrome (bilateral left-sidedness,left atrialisomerism, left atrial appendage isomerism)
Vascular Ring
Right aortic arch
Double aortic arch
Aberrant subclavian artery
Vascular (Pulmonary Artery) Sling
Chapter 8: Unique cardiac conditions in newborn infants
Neonatal Physiology
Normal fetal circulation
Transition to postnatal circulatory physiology
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Cardiac Disease in Neonates
Hypoxia
Congestive cardiac failure
Chapter 9: The cardiac conditions acquired during childhood
Kawasaki Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Follow-up
Recurrent disease
Coronary aneurysm
Rheumatic Fever
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rheumatic fever prophylaxis (“secondary” prophylaxis)
Prevention of acute rheumatic fever (“primary” prophylaxis)
Long-term care
Myocardial Diseases
Myocarditis
Myocardial involvement with systemic disease
Management of myocardial diseases
Infective Endocarditis
History
Physical examination
Laboratory findings
Treatment
Marfan Syndrome
Physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Physical examination
Laboratory findings
Treatment
Pericarditis
History and physical examination
Electrocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Additional Reading
Chapter 10: Abnormalities of heart rate and conduction in children
Alterations in Cardiac Rate
Atrial and atrioventricular arrhythmias
Junctional arrhythmias
Ventricular arrhythmias
Conduction Disturbances
Shortened AV conduction (pre-excitation syndromes)
Prolonged atrioventricular conduction
General Principles of Tachyarrhythmia Diagnosis and Management
Initial clinical assessment
Differential diagnosis and management in stable patients
Long-term management
Additional Reading
Chapter 11: Congestive heart failure in infants and children
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms
Clinical features
Medical Management
Inotropes
Diuretics
Afterload reduction
Beta-receptor antagonists
Supportive measures
Definitive Diagnosis and Management
Circulatory support and cardiac transplantation
Additional Reading
Chapter 12: A healthy lifestyle and preventing heart disease in children
Prevention for Children With a Normal Heart
Risk factors for adult-manifest cardiovascular disease
Issues for Children and Young Adults With Heart Disease
General considerations
Family counseling
Additional Reading and References
Additional reading
Index
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