Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater

Front Cover
MODULAR TREATMENT APPROACH FOR DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER 
MODULAR TREATMENT APPROACH FOR DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER 
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Urban water management: current state of the art
1.1.1.1 Wastewater management
1.1.1.2 Storm water management
1.1.1.3 Water demand management
1.1.2 International conventions, guidelines, and agreements
1.1.3 Tackling the problem: sustainable water treatment
1.1.3.1 Low-grade energy
1.1.3.2 Nutrient recovery
1.1.3.3 Sensing and monitoring
1.1.3.4 Modular modeling
1.1.4 Conclusion
References
2 - Characteristic of wastewater and drinking water treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wastewater treatment infrastructure
2.2.1 Pretreatment
2.2.2 Primary treatment
2.2.3 Secondary treatment
2.2.4 Tertiary treatment
2.3 Macropollutants in water and sludge
2.3.1 In drinking water
2.3.2 In wastewater
2.4 Micropollutants in water and wastewater
2.4.1 In drinking water
2.4.2 In wastewater
2.5 Water quality parameters
2.6 Bottlenecks and limitations of centralized drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 - Perspectives on the use of modular systems for organic micropollutants removal
3.1 Introduction to challenges related to removal of organic micropollutants and possible solutions
3.1.1 Removal of OMPs during wastewater treatment processes
3.1.2 Perspectives on the use of modular systems for organic micropollutants removal: benefits and limits
3.2 Organic micropollutants removal: current state of art
3.2.1 Coagulation modular system
3.2.2 Oxidation
3.2.3 Membrane technologies
3.2.4 Adsorption process
3.2.5 Biological treatment
3.3 Source-to-tap: Where to apply the new modules?
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4 - Modular treatment approach for drinking water and wastewater: introduction to a sustainable approach to decentr ...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wastewater treatment
4.3 Wastewater treatment operations
4.4 Modular wastewater treatment approaches
4.5 Conclusions
References
Further reading
5 - Modular water treatment practice in cold countries
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Treatment units for modular drinking water system
5.2.1 Modular filtration
5.2.2 Modular membrane
5.2.3 Disinfection units
5.3 Operational challenges of modular treatment systems in a cold country
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Introduction to modular wastewater treatment system and its significance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastewater and its components
6.2.1 Physicochemical components
6.2.2 Specific components
6.3 Conventional practices and associated challenges in wastewater treatment
6.3.1 Technological challenges
6.3.2 Social challenges in wastewater management
6.3.3 Centralized wastewater treatment system and associated challenges
6.3.4 Decentralized wastewater treatment system and associated challenges
6.4 Prospect of modular wastewater treatment units in developing countries
6.5 Summary of findings
References
7 - Phytoremediation as a modular approach for greywater treatment
7.1 Phytoremediation and constructed wetlands: a modular approach
7.2 Greywater as a main component of domestic wastewater
7.3 Constructed wetlands as nature-based solutions for greywater treatment
7.4 Case study: authors experience with constructed wetlands and greywater
7.4.1 Horizontal flow constructed wetlands for greywater treatment
7.4.2 Multistage constructed wetlands: hybrid system (horizontal+vertical flow)
7.4.3 Evapotranspiration and Treatment of Greywater—a modular approach
7.4.3.1 Description of the EvaTAC
7.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic, tracer tests, and computational fluid dynamics studies for the modular system
7.4.3.3 Performance of the real-scale modular system
7.4.3.4 Performance of the demonstrative (pilot) scale modular system
7.4.3.5 Microbial community
7.4.3.6 Greywater disinfection for reuse
7.4.3.7 Economic feasibility and willingness to pay for
7.4.3.8 In summary
7.5 Challenges and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Design and principles of adsorbent-based reactors for modular wastewater treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Adsorbent-based reactors
8.2.1 Fixed-bed reactor
8.2.1.1 Conventional fixed-bed reactor
8.2.1.2 Structured fixed-bed reactor
8.2.2 Moving-bed reactor
8.2.2.1 Conventional moving-bed reactor
8.2.2.2 Rotating-bed reactor
8.2.3 Fluidized-bed reactor
8.2.3.1 Multistage fluidized-bed reactor
8.2.3.2 Transient fluidized-bed reactor
8.3 Flow direction and the extent of adsorption
8.4 Adsorbents used in adsorption-based reactors
8.5 Principle of adsorption and its mechanism
8.6 Design of multifunctional adsorbents
8.7 Decentralized/modular treatment systems: need, significance, and case studies
8.7.1 Conventional decentralized treatment systems
8.7.2 Adsorptive reactor–based modular treatment systems
8.7.3 Advances in the adsorbent-based reactors
8.7.3.1 At laboratory scale
8.7.3.2 At commercial scale
8.8 Challenges and future perspectives
8.9 Conclusion
References
Further reading
9 - Electrode-based reactors in modular wastewater treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrooxidation
9.2.1 Direct oxidation
9.2.2 Indirect/mediated oxidation
9.2.3 Anodes in anodic oxidation
9.2.3.1 BDD anodes in pharmaceutical degradation
9.2.3.2 BDD anodes for textile wastewater treatment
9.2.3.3 BDD anodes for domestic wastewater treatment
9.3 Electrochemical disinfection
9.4 CLASS (closed loop advanced sanitation system)
9.4.1 Components of CLASS V2
9.4.2 CLASS treatment capacity and performance
9.4.3 Energy investment and Economics
9.4.4 Feasibility of designing CLASS for a single household
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 - A review on advanced biological systems for modular wastewater treatment plants: process, application, and fut ...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Modular constructed wetland-based treatment units
10.3 Modular membrane bioreactor–based treatment units
10.4 Modular microbial fuel cell–based treatment units
10.5 Other advanced modular biological wastewater treatment units
10.6 Evaluation of the performance of modular treatment units
References
11 - A life cycle assessment perspective to conventional and modular wastewater treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Life cycle phases
11.2.1 Goal and scope definition
11.2.1.1 Functional unit
11.2.1.2 System boundary
11.2.2 Life cycle inventory
11.2.3 Life cycle impact assessment
11.2.4 Interpretation
11.3 LCA of modular wastewater treatment systems
11.4 Case studies centralized versus decentralized
11.4.1 Recommendations and conclusions
References
12 - Concept of bioproduct recovery in relation to the modular treatment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sludge-to-energy concept
12.3 Biodiesel production
12.4 Biogas generation
12.5 Biofertilizers
12.5.1 Microorganism-based biofertilizer
12.5.2 Biofertilizer from thermophilic digester
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
13 - Introduction to modular drinking water treatment system
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Modular drinking water treatment systems: advantages
13.3 Challenges in setting up modular drinking water treatment systems
13.4 Factors affecting selection of modular drinking water treatment systems
13.5 Design considerations for modular drinking water treatment systems
13.5.1 Capacity
13.5.2 Raw water quality
13.5.3 Process parameters
13.5.4 Unit processes and technologies in drinking water treatment
13.5.4.1 Oxidation
13.5.4.2 Filtration
13.5.4.3 Lime-soda softening
13.5.4.4 Adsorption
13.5.5 Ion exchange
13.5.5.1 Membrane processes
13.5.5.2 Disinfection
13.5.5.3 Residual chlorine
13.6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
14 - Role and importance of filtration system in modular drinking water treatment system
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Commercialized MDWTS
14.3 Case studies
14.3.1 Super critical water oxidation process
14.3.1.1 Efficiency of SCWO adsorbents
14.3.2 STiR “industrial water and wastewater filter” of Filtra-Systems
14.3.3 Pall Corporation's Aria FAST
14.4 Ultrastructure of filter vessel and important steps to be followed for efficient functioning in MDWTS
14.5 Basic sizing formula and example of filter media
Example:
Solution
14.6 Role of passive filter media to design a novel MDWTS
14.6.1 Mechanical filter media
14.6.2 Physio-chemical filter media
14.6.2.1 Activated alumina
14.6.2.2 Granular activated carbon
14.6.3 Manganese dioxide (MnO2)-based media
14.6.3.1 GreensandPlus
14.6.3.2 MnO2 solid mined ore
14.6.3.3 Granular ferric hydroxide
14.6.3.4 Organoclays
14.6.3.5 pH neutralization filters
14.6.3.6 Calcite
14.6.3.7 Corosex
14.7 Microbiological aspect of drinking water
14.7.1 Waterborne pathogens pretreatment technologies for MDWTS
14.7.2 Granular media to improve functioning of MDWTS
14.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
15 - Role of membrane filtration in modular drinking water treatment system
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of membrane systems
15.2.1 Pressure membranes
15.2.2 Microfiltration
15.2.3 Ultrafiltration
15.2.4 Nanofiltration
15.2.5 Reverse osmosis
15.2.5.1 Direct osmotic membranes
15.2.6 Temperature-driven membrane processes
15.2.7 Electricity-driven membrane processes
15.3 Modular design: a membrane technology aspects for drinking water treatment
15.4 State of the art: application of the membrane treatment systems
15.4.1 Applications
15.5 Case studies
15.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
16 - Modular drinking water systems: chemical treatment perspective
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Community drinking water treatment
16.3 The chlorination process
16.3.1 Typical dosage
16.3.2 Chlorine chemistry and residual chlorine
16.3.3 Breakpoint chlorination
16.3.4 Disinfection kinetics, Ct value, pH, turbidity, and temperature
16.3.4.1 Influence of pH
16.3.4.2 Influence of temperature
16.3.4.3 Influence of turbidity and chemical characteristics
16.3.5 Mechanism of action: disinfection
16.4 Chlorination by-products
16.5 Advanced chemical methods
16.5.1 AOPs
16.5.2 Solar disinfection or SoDis
16.5.3 Nanomaterials
16.5.3.1 From labs to products
16.5.3.2 Relevance to modular treatment systems
16.5.3.2.1 The “Sidi Taibi plant project” (El-Ghzizel et al., 2020)
16.5.3.2.2 “AMRIT,” Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology
16.5.3.2.3 Electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO2–IrO2 anode and graphite felt cathode (Miao et al., 2015)
16.6 Challenges and future outlooks
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 - Modular drinking water treatment system using ozonation and UV
17.1 Ozonation drinking water treatment system (DWTS): a modular approach principle of ozonation
17.1.1 The property and principle of ozonation
17.1.2 Shortage of ozonation technology in drinking water treatment
17.1.3 Ozone generation mechanism
17.1.4 Ozone treatment system design
17.2 UV-based treatment of drinking water sources: a modular approach principle of a UV light
17.2.1 Basic principle and function of UV light used in the water treatment plan
17.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of UV sterilization method
17.2.3 UV effectiveness of killing the pathogen in the drinking water
17.2.4 Design of the UV reactor in a modular water treatment plant
17.3 Current benefit and possible challenges to provide solution for a smaller community
17.3.1 Pros and cons for an MDWTS
17.3.2 Challenge of providing ozone for the small community
17.3.3 Challenge of providing UV for the small community
17.4 Case study and future perspective for the modular water treatment system
17.4.1 Case study of using ozone at Lake Taylor Transitional Care Hospital
17.4.2 Case study of using UV disinfection in Colombian community
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 - Application of solar energy in modular drinking water treatment
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Solar energy used for desalination purpose
18.2.1 Desalination as world's perspective and its importance
18.2.2 Challenges, modification, and improvement of solar desalination treatment units
18.3 Disinfection of drinking water using solar energy: solar disinfection
18.3.1 Principle and importance of the photocatalysts in solar disinfection
18.3.1.1 Challenges and possible solution for effective and scale-up solar disinfection system
18.3.2 Scale-up issues related to solar-powered water treatment technologies and their prospects
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 - Life cycle assessment drinking water supply and treatment systems
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Overview of life cycle assessment
19.2 Case study
19.2.1 LCA of desalination process performed by Tarnacki et al. (2012) and team
19.2.2 LCA of urban water system (conventional) by Lemos et al. (2013) and team
19.2.3 Life cycle assessment of water supply in Singapore by Hsien et al. (2019)
19.3 Review of LCA studies in water sector
19.4 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Back Cover