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Modular Multilevel Converters: Control, Fault Detection, and Protection

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Modular Multilevel Converters

Expert discussions of cutting-edge methods used in MMC control, protection, and fault detection

In Modular Multilevel Converters: Control, Fault Detection, and Protection, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive discussion of fault detection, protection, and tolerant control of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) under internal and external faults. Beginning with a description of the configuration of MMCs, their operation principles, modulation schemes, mathematical models, and component design, the authors go on to explore output control, fault detection, capacitor monitoring, and other topics of central importance in the field.

The book offers summaries of centralized capacitor voltage-balancing control methods and presents several capacitor monitoring methods, like the direct and sorting-based techniques. It also describes full-bridge and half-bridge submodule-based hybrid MMC protection methods and alternative fault blocking SM-based MMCs.

Readers will also find:

  • A thorough introduction to modular multilevel converters, including circuits, operation principles, modulation, mathematical models, components, and design constraints
  • In-depth discussions of the control of modular multilevel converters, including output control, centralized capacitor voltage control, and individual capacitor voltage control
  • Comprehensive explorations of fault detection of MMCs under IGBT faults, including short-circuit and open-circuit faults, as well as fault-tolerant control of MMCs
  • Fulsome treatments of the control of MMCs under AC grid faults, including discussions of AC-side current control

Perfect for electrical engineering researchers, Modular Multilevel Converters: Control, Fault Detection, and Protection, will also earn a place in the libraries of electrical engineers working in industry, as well as undergraduate and graduate students with an interest in MMCs.

Author(s): Fujin Deng, Chengkai Liu, Zhe Chen
Series: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 369
City: Beverly

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Chapter 1 Modular Multilevel Converters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 MMC Configuration
1.2.1 Converter Configuration
1.2.2 Submodule Configuration
1.3 Operation Principles
1.3.1 Submodule Normal Operation
1.3.2 Submodule Blocking Operation
1.3.3 Converter Operation
1.4 Modulation Scheme
1.4.1 Phase-Disposition PWM
1.4.2 Phase-Shifted PWM
1.4.3 Nearest Level Modulation
1.5 Mathematical Model
1.5.1 Submodule Mathematical Model
1.5.2 Arm Mathematical Model
1.5.3 Three-Phase MMC Mathematical Model
1.6 Design Constraints
1.6.1 Power Device Design
1.6.2 Capacitor Design
1.6.3 Arm Inductor Design
1.7 Faults Overview of MMCs
1.7.1 Internal Faults of MMCs
1.7.2 External Faults of MMCs
1.8 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Control of MMCs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overall Control of MMCs
2.3 Output Control of MMCs
2.3.1 Current Control
2.3.2 Power and DC-Link Voltage Control
2.3.3 Grid Forming Control
2.4 Centralized Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control
2.4.1 On-State SMs Number Based VBC
2.4.2 Balancing Adjusting Number Based VBC
2.4.3 IPSC-PWM Harmonic Current Based VBC
2.4.4 SHE-PWM Pulse Energy Sorting Based VBC
2.4.5 PSC-PWM Pulse Energy Sorting Based VBC
2.5 Individual Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control
2.5.1 Average and Balancing Control Based VBC
2.5.2 Reference Modulation Index Based VBC
2.5.3 Reference Phase Angle Based VBC
2.6 Circulating Current Control
2.6.1 Proportional Integration Control
2.6.2 Multiple Proportional Resonant Control
2.6.3 Repetitive Control
2.7 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Fault Detection of MMCs under IGBT Faults
3.1 Introduction
3.2 IGBT Faults
3.2.1 IGBT Short-Circuit Fault
3.2.2 IGBT Open-Circuit Fault
3.3 Protection and Detection Under IGBT Short-Circuit Faults
3.3.1 SM Under IGBT Short-Circuit Fault
3.3.2 Protection and Detection Under IGBT Short-Circuit Fault
3.4 MMC Features Under IGBT Open-Circuit Faults
3.4.1 Faulty SM Features Under T1 Open-Circuit Fault
3.4.2 Faulty SM Features Under T2 Open-Circuit Fault
3.5 Kalman Filter Based Fault Detection Under IGBT Open-Circuit Faults
3.5.1 Kalman Filter Algorithm
3.5.2 Circulating Current Estimation
3.5.3 Faulty Phase Detection
3.5.4 Capacitor Voltage
3.5.5 Faulty SM Detection
3.6 Integrator Based Fault Detection Under IGBT Open-Circuit Faults
3.7 STW Based Fault Detection Under IGBT Open-Circuit Faults
3.7.1 MMC Data
3.7.2 Sliding-Time Windows
3.7.3 Feature of STW
3.7.4 Features Relationships Between Neighboring STWs
3.7.5 Features Extraction Algorithm
3.7.6 Energy Entropy Matrix
3.7.7 2D-CNN
3.7.8 Fault Detection Method
3.7.9 Selection of Sliding Interval
3.7.10 Analysis of Fault Localization Time
3.8 IF Based Fault Detection Under IGBT Open-Circuit Faults
3.8.1 IT for MMCs
3.8.2 SM Depth in IT
3.8.3 IF for MMCs
3.8.4 SM Average Depth in IF
3.8.5 IF Output
3.8.6 Fault Detection
3.8.7 Selection of mp
3.8.8 Selection of k
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Condition Monitoring and Control of MMCs Under Capacitor Faults
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Capacitor Equivalent Circuit in MMCs
4.3 Capacitor Parameter Characteristics in MMCs
4.3.1 Capacitor Current Characteristics
4.3.2 Capacitor Impedance Characteristics
4.3.3 Capacitor Voltage Characteristics
4.4 Capacitor Aging
4.5 Capacitance Monitoring
4.5.1 Capacitor Voltage and Current Based Monitoring Strategy
4.5.2 Arm Average Capacitance Based Monitoring Method
4.5.3 Reference SM based Monitoring Method
4.5.4 Sorting-Based Monitoring Strategy
4.5.5 Temperature Effect of Capacitance
4.6 ESR Monitoring
4.6.1 Direct ESR Monitoring Strategy
4.6.2 Sorting-Based ESR Monitoring Strategy
4.6.3 Temperature Effect of ESR
4.7 Capacitor Lifetime Monitoring
4.8 Arm Current Optimal Control Under Capacitor Aging
4.8.1 Equivalent Circuit of MMCs
4.8.2 Arm Current Characteristics
4.8.3 Arm Current Optimal Control
4.9 SM Power Losses Optimal Control Under Capacitor Aging
4.9.1 Equivalent SM Reference
4.9.2 SM Conduction Losses
4.9.3 SM Switching Losses
4.9.4 SM Power Losses Optimal Control
4.10 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Fault-Tolerant Control of MMCs Under SM Faults
5.1 Introduction
5.2 SM Protection Circuit
5.3 Redundant Submodules
5.4 Fault-Tolerant Scheme
5.4.1 Cold Reserve Mode
5.4.2 Spinning Reserve Mode-I
5.4.3 Spinning Reserve Mode-II
5.4.4 Spinning Reserve Mode-III
5.4.5 Comparison of Fault-Tolerant Schemes
5.5 Fundamental Circulating Current Elimination Based Tolerant Control
5.5.1 Equivalent Circuit of MMCs
5.5.2 Fundamental Circulating Current
5.5.3 Fundamental Circulating Current Elimination Control
5.5.4 Control Analysis
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Control of MMCs Under AC Grid Faults
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mathematical Model of MMCs under AC Grid Faults
6.2.1 AC-Side Mathematical Model
6.2.2 Instantaneous Power Mathematical Model
6.3 AC-Side Current Control of MMCs under AC Grid Faults
6.3.1 Positive- and Negative-Sequence Current Control
6.3.2 Zero-Sequence Current Control
6.3.3 Proportional Resonant Based Current Control
6.4 Circulating Current Suppression Control of MMCs under AC Grid Faults
6.4.1 Circulating Current of MMCs Under AC Grid Faults
6.4.2 Single-Phase Vector Based Control
6.4.3 0 Stationary Frame Based Control
6.4.4 Three-Phase Stationary Frame Based Control
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Protection Under DC Short-Circuit Fault in HVDC System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 MMC Under DC Short-Circuit Fault
7.2.1 System Configuration
7.2.2 AC Circuit Breaker
7.2.3 Protection Thyristor
7.2.4 Protection Operation
7.3 DC Circuit Breaker Based Protection
7.3.1 Mechanical Circuit Breaker
7.3.2 Semiconductor Circuit Breaker
7.3.3 Hybrid Circuit Breaker
7.3.4 Multiterminal Circuit Breaker
7.3.5 Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
7.3.6 SFCL-Based Circuit Breaker
7.4 Fault Blocking Converter Based Protection
7.4.1 FB SM and HB SM Based Hybrid MMC
7.4.2 Fault Blocking Control
7.4.3 FB SM Ratio
7.4.4 Alternative Fault Blocking SMs
7.5 Bypass Thyristor MMC Based Protection
7.5.1 Bypass Thyristor MMC Configuration
7.5.2 SM Control
7.5.3 Current Interruption Control
7.5.4 Protection Operation
7.6 CTB-HMMC Based Protection
7.6.1 CTB-HMMC Configuration
7.6.2 SM Operation Principle
7.6.3 Operation Principle for DC Fault Protection
7.6.4 DC-Side Current Interruption Operation
7.6.5 Capacitor Voltage Increment
7.6.6 AC-Side Current Interruption Operation
7.6.7 MMC Comparison
7.7 Summary
References
Index
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