Language: English
Pages: 1348
back to Contents......Page 0
Introduction......Page 14
Subprotocol 1: Fixation, Sectioning and Embedding......Page 15
Subprotocol 2: Ultrastructure......Page 22
Subprotocol 3: The Golgi Method......Page 26
Subprotocol 4: Single-Cell Methods......Page 30
References......Page 36
Introduction......Page 40
Subprotocol 1: Differential Display: Practical Approach......Page 43
Subprotocol 2: Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Practical Approach......Page 52
Subprotocol 3: Digestion of cDNA with Anchoring Enzyme......Page 56
Subprotocol 4: Binding to Magnetic Beads......Page 57
Subprotocol 5: Addition of Linkers......Page 58
Subprotocol 6: Tag Release by Digestion with Tagging Enzyme......Page 59
Subprotocol 8: Ligation to Ditags......Page 60
Subprotocol 9: PCR Amplification of Ditags......Page 61
Subprotocol 10: Ditag Isolation......Page 62
Subprotocol 11: Concatemerisation......Page 64
Subprotocol 12: Cloning Concatemers......Page 65
Subprotocol 13: Sequencing......Page 66
References......Page 68
Introduction......Page 70
Subprotocol 1: IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF CULTURED NEURONS......Page 71
Subprotocol 2: In Situ Hybridization at the Electron Microscopic Level......Page 78
Subprotocol 3: Single-Cell Differential mRNA Display......Page 88
Subprotocol 4: Functional Implications of mRNAs in Dendrites and Axons: Metabolic Labeling of Isolated Neurites......Page 94
Subprotocol 5: Intracellular Injection of mRNA......Page 97
References......Page 100
Introduction......Page 102
Materials......Page 115
Procedure......Page 116
Results......Page 128
Troubleshoot......Page 130
Comments......Page 135
References......Page 138
Introduction......Page 140
Subprotocol 1: General Arrangement and Preparation for Electrophysiological Recording and Data Acquisition......Page 141
Subprotocol 2: Extracellular Recording......Page 147
Subprotocol 3: Intracellular Recording with Sharp Electrodes......Page 159
Subprotocol 4: Intracellular Recording and Tracer Injection......Page 171
Summary and Conclusions......Page 178
Supplier List......Page 179
References......Page 181
Introduction......Page 186
Materials......Page 189
Procedure......Page 193
Results......Page 200
Comments......Page 201
Applications......Page 202
References......Page 204
Introduction......Page 206
Subprotocol 1: Microiontophoresis......Page 207
Subprotocol 2: Micropressure Ejection......Page 220
References......Page 222
Introduction......Page 226
A Philosophy of Modelling......Page 227
Formulation of Dendritic Model......Page 229
The Discrete Tree Equations......Page 239
Formal Solution of Matrix Equations......Page 250
Solution of the Discretised Cable Equations......Page 255
Generating Independent and Correlated Stochastic Spike Trains......Page 258
Equivalent Cable Construction......Page 267
Generalised Compartmental Models......Page 281
The Spectral Methodology......Page 290
Spectral and Exact Solution of an Unbranched Tree......Page 297
Spectral and Exact Solution of a Branched Tree......Page 303
References......Page 312
Notation and Definitions......Page 315
Appendix I......Page 317
In Vitro Models......Page 320
En bloc Preparations......Page 323
Brain Slices......Page 324
Determinants of Ex Vivo Brain Function......Page 331
Conclusions......Page 337
References......Page 338
Introduction......Page 340
Materials......Page 342
Procedure......Page 343
Results......Page 346
Comments......Page 347
References......Page 350
Abbreviations......Page 351
Introduction......Page 352
Outline......Page 353
Materials......Page 354
Procedure......Page 356
Results......Page 364
Troubleshoot......Page 365
Comments......Page 367
References......Page 370
Suppliers......Page 372
Glossary......Page 373
Introduction......Page 374
Outline......Page 375
Materials......Page 377
Procedure......Page 381
Results......Page 384
References......Page 389
Introduction......Page 391
Subprotocol 1: Harvest and Implantation of PN Grafts into the CNS......Page 395
Subprotocol 2: Schwann Cell Guidance Channels......Page 404
References......Page 418
Introduction......Page 422
Outline......Page 423
Subprotocol 1: Dissection of Embryonic/Fetal CNS Tissue......Page 424
Subprotocol 2: Preparation of Tissue/Cells......Page 431
Subprotocol 3: Transplantation into Adults......Page 433
Subprotocol 4: Transplantation into Neonates......Page 437
Subprotocol 5: Transplantation into Embryos......Page 439
References......Page 443
Subprotocol 1: Architectonics......Page 448
Subprotocol 2: Hodology......Page 453
Subprotocol 3: Histochemical Methods: Neurochemistry and Functional Neurohistology, Including the Molecular Biology of Neuron......Page 458
Subprotocol 4: Silver-Impregnation Methods in the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 463
References......Page 466
Introduction......Page 470
Outline......Page 480
Procedure......Page 482
Results......Page 488
Troubleshoot......Page 491
Comments......Page 495
References......Page 496
Abbreviations......Page 497
Introduction......Page 498
Subprotocol 1: Multi-Unit Recording......Page 499
Subprotocol 2: Examples of Analysis and Results......Page 507
References......Page 511
Suppliers......Page 512
Abbreviations......Page 513
Introduction......Page 514
Part 1: Time Domain Analysis of Neuronal Spike Train Data......Page 516
Part 2: Frequency Domain Analysis......Page 521
Part 3: Correlation Between Signals......Page 527
Part 4: Multivariate Analysis......Page 538
Part 5: Extended Coherence Analysis – Pooled Spectra and Pooled Coherence......Page 541
Part 6: A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Neuronal Interactions......Page 544
Results......Page 546
Concluding Remarks......Page 550
References......Page 552
Introduction......Page 555
The Neural Code......Page 557
Basics of Information Theory......Page 561
Random Continuous Time Signals......Page 565
Information Transmission with Continuous Time Signals......Page 567
Information Transmission – The Method......Page 570
Summary – the Practical Procedure......Page 573
Upper Bound to Information Rate and Coding Efficiency......Page 574
The Muscle Spindle: Experimental and Simulation Results......Page 576
Conclusions......Page 580
References......Page 581
Theory......Page 583
Procedures and Results......Page 589
Comments......Page 595
References......Page 597
Abbreviations......Page 598
Introduction......Page 599
Part 1: Static Linear Systems......Page 602
Part 2: Dynamic Linear Systems......Page 604
Part 3: Physical Components of Linear Systems......Page 606
Part 4: Laplace and Z Transform......Page 615
Part 5: System Identification and Parameter Estimation......Page 621
Part 6: Modeling The Nervous System Control......Page 625
Part 7: Modeling Nonlinear Systems with Linear Systems Description Tools......Page 628
References......Page 634
Introduction......Page 636
Part 1: Static Linear Systems......Page 639
Part 2: Dynamic Linear Systems......Page 641
Part 3: Physical Components of Linear Systems......Page 643
Part 4: Laplace and Z Transform......Page 652
Part 5: System Identification and Parameter Estimation......Page 658
Part 6: Modeling The Nervous System Control......Page 662
Part 7: Modeling Nonlinear Systems with Linear Systems Description Tools......Page 665
References......Page 671
Introduction......Page 673
Outline......Page 674
Procedure......Page 675
Results......Page 683
References......Page 685
Part 1: Stationary Methods......Page 687
Part 2: Nonstationary Analyses......Page 700
Part 3: Phase Space Reconstruction......Page 706
Postscript......Page 709
References......Page 711
Abbreviations......Page 712
Glossary......Page 713
Part 1: Theoretical Backgrounds......Page 715
Part 2: Procedure and Results......Page 721
Concluding Remarks......Page 731
References......Page 732
Introduction......Page 734
Network Architecture and Operation......Page 736
Model Neurons, Connections and Network Dynamics......Page 737
Learning and Generalization......Page 742
References......Page 748
Introduction......Page 750
Part 1: Muscle Anatomy and Physiology......Page 751
Part 2: Signal Acquisition and Materials......Page 761
Part 3: Registration Procedures......Page 766
Part 4: Signal Processing......Page 767
Part 5: Results......Page 773
Part 6: Troubleshooting......Page 778
Part 7: Special Applications......Page 780
Applications......Page 788
References......Page 790
Abbreviations......Page 797
Appendix......Page 798
Introduction......Page 801
Outline......Page 803
Procedure......Page 804
Results......Page 811
Troubleshoot......Page 816
Comments......Page 818
References......Page 819
Abbreviations......Page 820
Outline......Page 821
Materials......Page 822
Procedure......Page 823
Results......Page 829
Suppliers......Page 830
Introduction......Page 831
Procedure......Page 832
Results......Page 842
References......Page 843
Introduction......Page 847
Materials......Page 848
Procedure......Page 852
Results......Page 858
Comments......Page 860
References......Page 861
Abbreviations......Page 863
Introduction......Page 864
External Force Measurements Using Force Platforms......Page 865
External Movement Measurements Using High-Speed Video......Page 867
Surface Electromyography......Page 868
Part 2: Internal Biomechanics......Page 873
Muscle Force Measurements......Page 874
Joint Contact Pressure Measurements......Page 877
Movement Measurements......Page 879
Theoretical Determination of Internal Forces......Page 881
Future Considerations......Page 887
References......Page 888
Introduction......Page 892
Principal Component Analysis Made Simple......Page 893
Application to Gait Analysis......Page 897
Force Fields and the Problem of Degrees of Freedom......Page 907
References......Page 909
Introduction......Page 911
Subprotocol 1: Apparatus and Mechanisms......Page 912
Subprotocol 2: EMG Recording and Analysis Protocol......Page 916
Applications......Page 918
References......Page 931
General Introduction......Page 934
Introduction......Page 937
Methods......Page 942
Introduction......Page 971
Imaging of Population Activity......Page 975
Methods......Page 983
Targeted Injection of Tracers into Pre-Defined Functional Domains......Page 998
Electrical Recordings from Pre-Defined Functional Domains......Page 999
Combining Micro-Stimulation and Optical Imaging......Page 1000
Conclusions and Outlook......Page 1001
References......Page 1002
Introduction......Page 1011
Subprotocol 1: EEG Recording......Page 1014
Subprotocol 2: EEG Signal Analysis......Page 1016
Subprotocol 3: Secondary EEG Analysis......Page 1028
Subprotocol 4: Presentation of Results......Page 1029
References......Page 1031
General Introduction......Page 1036
Part 1: Review of EP Processing Methods......Page 1037
Processing Methods......Page 1038
Part 2: Extraction of Trial-Varying EPS......Page 1040
Layer 1: Unsupervised Learning Structure......Page 1042
Layer 2: Decomposition of EP Waveform......Page 1051
Conclusion......Page 1060
References......Page 1061
Introduction......Page 1063
Materials......Page 1068
Procedure......Page 1072
Results......Page 1083
Troubleshoot......Page 1086
Applications......Page 1088
References......Page 1089
Suppliers......Page 1092
Introduction......Page 1093
Technical Aspects of MRI Data Acquisition......Page 1095
Data Evaluation and Visualization......Page 1101
Physiologic Aspects of Brain Activation......Page 1107
Paradigm Design......Page 1115
References......Page 1119
Introduction......Page 1121
Outline......Page 1125
Materials......Page 1126
Procedure......Page 1129
Results......Page 1131
Troubleshoot......Page 1133
References......Page 1134
Suppliers......Page 1135
Introduction......Page 1136
Technical Requirements and Methods......Page 1143
Applied MRS – Single-Voxel 1 H MRS......Page 1152
Results: Neurospectroscopy......Page 1156
Conclusions......Page 1174
References......Page 1176
Glossary......Page 1179
General Introduction......Page 1186
Stereotaxic Surgery on Small Rodents......Page 1188
Microdialysis Experiments on Awake Rats......Page 1192
Part 2: Implantable Sensors......Page 1195
Measuring Extracellular K + Ions by ISM......Page 1196
Amperometric Electrodes......Page 1199
Measurement of Dopamine by Chronoamperometry......Page 1200
Biosensors......Page 1202
Biosensor for Glucose......Page 1204
Cortical Cup Technique......Page 1207
Microdialysis......Page 1208
Determination of Dopamine Release by Microcolumn Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (LCEC)......Page 1209
Determination of Serotonin in Microdialysis Samples by LCEC......Page 1211
Determination of Aspartate and Glutamate in Microdialysis Samples by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection......Page 1213
Determination of GABA in Microdialysis Samples by HPLC with Fluorescence (FL) and Electrochemical (EC) Detection......Page 1215
Determination of Physiological Amino Acids in Microdialysis Samples by Microcolumn HPLC with Gradient Elution and Fluorescence (FL) Detection......Page 1217
Determination of Acetylcholine in Microdialysis Samples by Microbore Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry on Peroxidase Redox Polymer Coated Electrodes......Page 1222
Microdialysis in the Human Brain......Page 1225
References......Page 1228
Suppliers......Page 1234
Introduction......Page 1236
Procedure......Page 1237
Troubleshoot......Page 1243
Suppliers......Page 1246
Introduction......Page 1248
Outline......Page 1250
Methods and Procedures......Page 1251
Experimental Examples......Page 1266
Concluding Remarks......Page 1274
References......Page 1275
Suppliers......Page 1277
Introduction......Page 1279
Methods......Page 1280
The Neurobehavioral Examination......Page 1283
Comments: Generalizing from Behavioral Analysis......Page 1305
References......Page 1307
Introduction......Page 1312
Outline......Page 1313
What is a Signal?......Page 1314
Noise......Page 1315
Amplification and Amplifiers......Page 1318
Fundamentals of Filtering and Filters......Page 1322
Digital or Analog Processing?......Page 1328
A/D Conversion......Page 1329
Implementations......Page 1331
Data Processing......Page 1333
Data Display......Page 1337
Part 5: Storage and Backup......Page 1340
Concluding Remarks......Page 1342
References......Page 1343
Glossary......Page 1344
