Modern Physical Geology

Front Cover......Page p0001.djvu
1 - Geology and the Earth......Page p0002.djvu
1.1 The Science of Geology......Page p0004.djvu
1.2 Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism......Page p0006.djvu
1.3 Geologic Time......Page p0007.djvu
1.4 The Earth’s Origin......Page p0009.djvu
1.5 Geologic Change and the Environment......Page p0012.djvu
Focus on: Hypothesis, Theory, and Law......Page p0014.djvu
Summary......Page p0015.djvu
2 - Plate Tectonics A First Look......Page p0018.djvu
2.2 The Earth’s Layers......Page p0020.djvu
2.3 Plates and Plate Tectonics......Page p0024.djvu
2.4 The Anatomy of a Tectonic Plate......Page p0027.djvu
2.5 Consequences of Moving Plates......Page p0028.djvu
2.6 The Search for a Mechanism......Page p0029.djvu
Focus on: Alfred Wegener and the Origin of an Idea......Page p0032.djvu
2.7 Supercontinents......Page p0035.djvu
Summary......Page p0036.djvu
3 - Minerals......Page p0038.djvu
3.2 Elements,Atoms,and the Chemical Composition of Minerals......Page p0040.djvu
3.3 Crystals:the Crystalline Nature of Minerals......Page p0042.djvu
3.4 Physical Properties of Minerals......Page p0043.djvu
Focus on: Chemical Bonds......Page p0044.djvu
3.5 Rock-Forming Minerals, Accessory Minerals,Gems,Ore Minerals,and Industrial Minerals......Page p0049.djvu
3.6 Mineral Classification......Page p0051.djvu
Summary......Page p0055.djvu
4 - Igneous Rocks......Page p0058.djvu
4.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle......Page p0060.djvu
4.2 Igneous Rocks:the Origins of Magma......Page p0061.djvu
Focus on: Terms Commonly Used by Geologists......Page p0064.djvu
4.3 Classification of Igneous Rocks......Page p0066.djvu
4.4 Common Igneous Rocks......Page p0069.djvu
4.5 Partial Melting and the Origins of Common Igneous Rocks......Page p0070.djvu
Summary......Page p0071.djvu
5 - Plutons and Volcanoes......Page p0074.djvu
5.1 The Behavior of Magma......Page p0076.djvu
5.2 Plutons......Page p0077.djvu
5.3 Volcanic Rocks and Volcanoes......Page p0080.djvu
5.4 Violent Magma: Ash-Flow Tuffs and Calderas......Page p0087.djvu
5.5 Risk Assessment: Predicting Volcanic Eruptions......Page p0090.djvu
Summary......Page p0091.djvu
6 - Weathering and Soil......Page p0094.djvu
6.2 Mechanical Weathering......Page p0096.djvu
6.3 Chemical Weathering......Page p0099.djvu
Focus on: Reprasentative Reactions in Chemical Weathering......Page p0100.djvu
6.4 Chemical and Mechanical Weathering Operating Together......Page p0101.djvu
6.5 Soil......Page p0103.djvu
6.6 Soil-Forming Factors......Page p0104.djvu
Summary......Page p0108.djvu
7 - Sedimentary Rocks......Page p0110.djvu
7.2 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks......Page p0112.djvu
Focus on: Naming Sedimentary Rock Units......Page p0114.djvu
7.3 Organic Sedimentary Rocks......Page p0117.djvu
7.5 Bioclastic Rocks......Page p0118.djvu
7.6 Sedimentary Structures......Page p0119.djvu
7.7 Interpreting Sedimentary Rocks: Depositional Environments......Page p0122.djvu
Summary......Page p0123.djvu
8 - Metamorphic Rocks......Page p0126.djvu
8.2 Metamorphic Changes......Page p0128.djvu
8.3 Types of Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks......Page p0131.djvu
8.4 Measuring Metamorphic Grade......Page p0137.djvu
Summary......Page p0138.djvu
9 - Geologic Time A Story in the Rocks......Page p0140.djvu
9.2 Relative Geologic Time......Page p0142.djvu
9.3 Unconformities......Page p0144.djvu
9.5 Correlation......Page p0146.djvu
9.6 Absolute Geologic Time......Page p0147.djvu
Focus on: Carbon-14 Dating......Page p0149.djvu
9.7 The Geologic Column and Time Scale......Page p0152.djvu
Summary......Page p0154.djvu
10 - Earthquakes and the Earth’s Structure......Page p0156.djvu
10.1 What is an Earthquake?......Page p0158.djvu
10.2 Earthquake Waves......Page p0160.djvu
10.3 Earthquake Damage......Page p0166.djvu
10.4 Earthquakes and Tectonic Plate Boundaries......Page p0167.djvu
10.5 Earthquake Prediction......Page p0172.djvu
10.6 Studying the Earth’s Interior......Page p0173.djvu
10.7 The Earth’s Magnetism......Page p0176.djvu
Summary......Page p0177.djvu
11 - Ocean Basins......Page p0180.djvu
11.2 Studying the Sea Floor......Page p0182.djvu
11.3 Sea-Floor Magnetism......Page p0183.djvu
11.4 The Mid-Oceanic Ridge......Page p0185.djvu
Focus on: Global Sea-Level Changes and the Mid-Oceanic Ridge......Page p0189.djvu
11.5 Sediment and Rocks of the Deep Sea Floor......Page p0190.djvu
11.6 Continental Margins......Page p0191.djvu
11.7 Island Arcs......Page p0194.djvu
11.8 Seamounts and Oceanic Islands......Page p0196.djvu
Summary......Page p0198.djvu
12 - Geologic Structures, Mountain Ranges, and Continents......Page p0200.djvu
12.1 Rock Deformation......Page p0202.djvu
12.2 Geologic Structures......Page p0203.djvu
12.3 Mountains and Mountain Ranges......Page p0211.djvu
12.4 Island Arcs: Mountain Building During Convergence Between Two Oceanic Plates......Page p0212.djvu
12.6 The Himalayan Mountain Chain: a Collision Between Continents......Page p0213.djvu
12.7 The Origin of Continents......Page p0219.djvu
Summary......Page p0220.djvu
13 - Mass Wasting......Page p0222.djvu
13.2 Factors That Control Mass Wasting......Page p0224.djvu
13.3 Types of Mass Wasting......Page p0226.djvu
13.4 Three Case Studies: Mass Wasting Triggered by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions......Page p0232.djvu
13.5 Predicting and Avoiding Landslides......Page p0233.djvu
Summary......Page p0234.djvu
14 - Streams and Lakes......Page p0236.djvu
14.2 Streams......Page p0238.djvu
14.3 Stream Erosion......Page p0239.djvu
14.4 Stream Deposits......Page p0242.djvu
14.5 Downcutting and Base Level......Page p0244.djvu
14.6 Drainage Basins......Page p0250.djvu
14.7 Floods......Page p0253.djvu
14.8 Lakes......Page p0256.djvu
Summary......Page p0257.djvu
15 - Ground Water......Page p0260.djvu
15.1 Characteristics of Ground Water......Page p0262.djvu
15.2 Movement of Ground Water......Page p0264.djvu
15.3 Use of Ground Water......Page p0265.djvu
15.4 Ground-Water Pollution......Page p0269.djvu
15.5 Ground Water and Nuclear Waste Disposal......Page p0273.djvu
15.6 Caverns and Karst Topography......Page p0274.djvu
15.7 Hot Springs and Geysers......Page p0277.djvu
15.8 Geothermal Energy......Page p0278.djvu
Summary......Page p0279.djvu
16 - Deserts......Page p0282.djvu
16.1 Why do Deserts Exist?......Page p0284.djvu
16.2 Desert Landforms......Page p0286.djvu
16.3 Two Desert Landscapes in the United States......Page p0289.djvu
16.4 Wind in Deserts......Page p0290.djvu
Summary......Page p0296.djvu
17 - Glaciers and Ice Ages......Page p0298.djvu
17.1 Formation of Glaciers......Page p0300.djvu
17.2 Glacial Movement......Page p0301.djvu
17.3 Glacial Erosion......Page p0305.djvu
17.4 Glacial Deposits......Page p0309.djvu
17.5 The Pleistocene Ice Age......Page p0313.djvu
Summary......Page p0316.djvu
18 - Coastlines......Page p0318.djvu
18.1 Waves, Tides, and Currents......Page p0320.djvu
18.2 The Water’s Edge......Page p0324.djvu
18.3 Emergent and Submergent Coastlines......Page p0325.djvu
18.4 Sandy and Rocky Coastlines......Page p0327.djvu
18.5 Development of Coastlines......Page p0331.djvu
18.6 Global Warming and Sea-Level Rise......Page p0333.djvu
Summary......Page p0334.djvu
19 - Geologic Resources......Page p0336.djvu
19.4 How Ore Forms......Page p0338.djvu
19.5 Mineral Reserves......Page p0344.djvu
19.6 Coal......Page p0345.djvu
19.7 Mines and Mining......Page p0346.djvu
19.8 Petroleum and Natural Gas......Page p0348.djvu
19.9 Nuclear Fuels and Reactors......Page p0352.djvu
Summary......Page p0354.djvu
20 - The Geological Evolution of North America......Page p0356.djvu
20.2 The Craton......Page p0358.djvu
20.4 North America: 1 Billion Years Ago......Page p0360.djvu
20.5 North America: A Half Billion Years Ago......Page p0361.djvu
20.6 Breakup of Pangea Iii......Page p0362.djvu
20.7 Building of the Western Mountains......Page p0363.djvu
20.8 The Pleistocene Ice Age and the Arrival of Humans in North America......Page p0370.djvu
Summary......Page p0372.djvu
Appendix A - Systems of Measurement......Page p0374.djvu
Appendix B - Rock Symbols......Page p0378.djvu
Glossary......Page p0380.djvu
Back Cover......Page p0398.djvu