Modern Handbook of Physics

Front Cover
Title Page
Contents
Preface
PART ONE MECHANICS
CHAPTER 1 KINEMATICS
1.1 Mechanical Motion. The Subject Matter of Mechanics
1.2 Frames of Reference. Path, Path Length and Displacement Vector of a Particle
1.3 Velocity
1.4 Acceleration
1.5 Translational and Rotary Motion of a Rigid Body
CHAPTER 2 NEWTON'S LAWS
2.1 Newton's First Law. Inertial Frames of Reference
2.2 Force
2.3 Mass. Momentum
2.4 Newton's Second Law
2.5 Newton's Third Law. Motion of the Centre of Mass
2.6 Motion of a Body of Variable Mass
2.7 Law of Conservation of Momentum
2.8 Galilean Transformations. Mechanical Principle of Relativity
CHAPTER 3 WORK AND MECHANICAL ENERGY
3.1 Energy, Work and Power
3.2 Kinetic Energy
3.3 Potential Energy
3.4 Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3.5 Perfectly Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
CHAPTER 4 DYNAMICS OF ROTARY MOTION
4.1 Moment of Force and Angular Momentum
4.2 Moment of Inertia
4.3 The Fundamental Law in the Dynamics of Rotary Motion
4.4 Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
CHAPTER 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
5.1 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
5.2 Simultaneity of Events. Synchronization of Clocks
5.3 Lorenfz's Transformations
5.4 Relativity of Lengths and Time Intervals. Time Interval Between Two Events
5.5 Transformation of Velocities and Accelerations in Relativistic Kinematics
5.6 Basic Law of Relativistic Dynamics
5.7 Mass-Energy Relation
CHAPTER 6 GRAVITATION
6.1 Law of Universal Gravitation
6.2 Gravitational Field
6.3 Kepler's Laws. Space Velocities
CHAPTER 7 MOTION IN NONINERTIAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE
7.1 Kinematics of Relative Motion
7.2 Inertial Forces
7.3 Relative Motion in a Frame of Reference Fixed to the Earth. Gravity Force and Weight of a Body
7.4 Principle of Equivalence
PART TWO FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 8 IDEAL GASES
8.1 Subject Matter of Molecular Physics.Thernal Motion
8.2 Statistical and Thermodynamic Methods of Investigation
8.3 Thermodynamic Variables. Equations of State. Thermodynamic Processes
8.4 Equation of State of an Ideal Gas
CHAPTER 9 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
9.1 Total and Internal Energy of a System
9.2 Heat and Work
9.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
9.4 Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Processes and Work
9.5 Heat Capacity of Matter. Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics to Isoprocesses in an Ideal Gas
CHAPTER 10 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
10.1 Certain Information on Classical Statistical Physics
10.2 Basic Equation of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
10.3 Maxwell's Molecular Velocity and Energy Distribution Law (Maxwell's Distribution Law)
10.4 Particle Distribution in a Potential Force Field (Boltzmann Distribution)
10.5 Mean Free Path of Molecules
10.6 Principle of the Equipartition of Energy. Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
10.7 Heat Capacity of Monatomic, Diatomic and Polyatomic Gases
10.8 Transport Phenomena in Gases
10.9 Properties of Rarified Gases
CHAPTER 11 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
11.1 Cycles. The Carnot Cycle
11.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
11.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics
11.4 Entropy and Free Energy
11.5 Statistical Interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
11.6 Fluctuations
11.7 Brownian Movement
11.8 Third Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 12 REAL GASES AND VAPOURS
12.1 Forces of Intermolecular Interaction
12.2 Van der Waals Equation of State
12.3 Isothermals of Real Gases. Phase Transitions
12.4 Superfluidity of Helium
CHAPTER 13 LIQUIDS
13.1 Certain Properties of Liquids
13.2 Frenkel's Hole Theory of the Liquid State
13.3 Diffusion and Viscosity Phenomena in Liquids
13.4 Surface Tension of Liquids
13.5 Wetting and Capillary Phenomena
13.6 Vaporization and Boiling of Liquids
PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 14 ELECTRIC CHARGES. COULOMB'S LAW
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Coulomb's Law
CHAPTER 15 ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT
15.1 Electric Field. Field Strength
15.2 Principle of Superposition of Electric Fields
15.3 Electric Displacement. Ostrogradsky-Gauss Electric Flux Theorem
CHAPTER 16 ELECTRIC FIELD POTENTIAL
16.1 Work Done in Moving an Electric Charge in an Electrostatic Field
16.2 Potential of an Electrostatic Field
16.3 Relation Between the Potential and Strength of an Electrostatic field
16.4 Conductors in an Electrostatic Field
CHAPTER 17 CAPACITANCE
17.1 Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor
17.2 Mutual Capacitance. Capacitors
CHAPTER 18 DIELECTRICS IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
18.1 Dipole Moments of Molecules of a Dielectric
18.2 Polarization of Dielectrics
18.3 Relation Between Displacement, Field Strength and Polarization Vectors
18.4 Ferroelectric Materials
CHAPTER 19 ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD
19.1 Energy of a Charged Conductor and an Electric Field
19.2 Energy of a Polarized Dielectric
CHAPTER 20 DIRECT ELECTRIC CURRENT
20.1 Concept of an Electric Current
20.2 Current and Current Density
20.3 Fundamentals of the Classical Electron Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals
CHAPTER 21 DIRECT CURRENT LAWS
21.1 Extraneous Forces
21.2 Ohm's Law and the Joule-Lenz Law
21.3 KirchhoH's Laws
CHAPTER 22 ELECTRIC CURRENT IN LIQUIDS ND GASES
22.1 Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis. Electrolytic Dissociation
22.2 Atomicity of Electric Charges
22.3 Electrolytic Conduction of Liquids
22.4 Electrical Conduction in Gases
22.5 Various Types of Gas Discharges
22.6 Certain Information on Plasma
CHAPTER 23 MAGNETIC FIELD OF DIRECT CURRENT
23.1 Magnetic Field. Ampere's Law
23.2 The Biot-Savarf-Laplace Law
23.3 Simplest Cases of Magnetic Fields Set Up by Direct Currents
23.4 Interaction of Conductors. Effect of a Magnetic Field on Current-Carrying Conductors
23.5 Total Current Law. Magnetic Circuits
23.6 Work Done in Moving a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
CHAPTER 24 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
24.1 Lorentz Force
24.2 Hall Effect
24.3 Charge-fo-Mass Ratio of Particles. Mass Spectroscopy
24.4 Charged Particle Accelerators
CHAPTER 25 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
25.1 Basic Law of Electromagnetic Induction
25.2 Phenomenon of Self-Induction
25.3 Mutual Induction
25.4 Energy of a Magnetic Field Set up by an Electric Current
CHAPTER 26 MAGNETIC MATERIALS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
26.1 Magnetic Moments of Electrons and Atoms
26.2 An Atom in a Magnetic Field
26.3 Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials in a Uniform Magnetic Field
26.4 Magnetic Field in Magnetic Materials
26.5 Ferromagnetic Materials
CHAPTER 27 FUNDAMENTALS OF MAXWELL S THEORY
27.1 General Features o! Maxwell's Theory
27,2 Maxwell's First Equation
27.3 Displacement Current. Maxwell's Second Equation
27.4 Complete Set of Maxwell's Equations for an Electromagnetic Field
PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
CHAPTER 28 FREE HARMONIC OSCILLATIONS
28.1 Harmonic Oscillations
28.2 Mechanical Harmonic Vibrations
23.3 Free Harmonic Oscillations in an Oscillatory Electric Circuit
28.4 Adding Harmonic Oscillations
CHAPTER 29 DAMPED AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS
29.1 Damped Oscillations
29.2 Forced Mechanical Vibration
29.3 Forced Electrical Oscillation
CHAPTER 30 ELASTIC WAVES
30.1 Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in an Elastic Medium
30.2 Travelling Wave Equation
30.3 Phase Velocity and Energy of Elastic Waves
30.4 Principle of Superposition of Waves. Group Velocity
30.5 Interference of Waves. Standing Waves
30.6 Doppler Effect in Acoustics
CHAPTER 31 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
31.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
31.2 Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
31.3 Electromagnetic Radiation
31.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum
31.5 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media
31.6 Doppler Effect
PART FIVE OPTICS
CHAPTER 32 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
32.1 Monochromaticity and Time Coherence of Light
32.2 Interference of Light. Spatial Coherence of Light
32.3 Interference of Light in Thin Films
32.4 Multiwave Interference
CHAPTER 33 DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
33.1 Huygens-Fresnel Principle
33.2 Fresnel Diffraction
33.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction
33.4 Diffraction by a Space Lattice
33.5 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
33.6 Holography
CHAPTER 34 ABSORPTION, SCATTERING AND DISPERSION OF LIGHT. VAVILOV-CHERENKOV RADIATION
34.1 Interaction of Light With Matter
34.2 Absorption of Light
34.3 Scattering of Light
24.4 Normal and Anomalous Light Dispersion
34.5 Classical Electron Theory of Light Dispersion
34.6 Yavilov-Cherenkov Radiation
CHAPTER 35 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
35.1 Polarization of Light in Reflection and Refraction at the Interface Between Two Dielectric Media
35.2 Birefringence (Double Refraction)
35.3 Interference of Polarized Light
35.4 Artificial Optical Anisotropy
35.5 Rotation of the Plane of Polarization
CHAPTER 36 THERMAL RADIATION
36.1 Thermal Radiation. Kirchhoff's Law
36.2 Sfefan-Boltzmann and Wien Laws
36.3 Planck's Formula
36.4 Optical Pyrometry
CHAPTER 37 FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM OPTICS
37.1 External Photoelectric Effect (Photoemissive Effect)
37.2 Mass and Momentum of the Photon. Light Pressure
37.3 Compton Effect
37.4 Wave-Particle Duality of the Properties of Light
PART SIX ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
CHAPTER 38 ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
38.1 Wave-Particle Dualism of the Properties of Particles of Matter
33.2 Schrddinger Wave Equation
38.3 Motion of a Free Particle
38.4 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Infinitely Deep Potential Well
38.5 Linear Harmonic Oscillator
38.6 Heisenberg Indeterminacy Principle
38.7 Tunnel Effect
CHAPTER 39 STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND THEIR OPTICAL PROPERTIES
39.1 The Hydrogen Atom and Hydrogen-Like Ions
39.2 Space Quantization
39.3 Pauli Exclusion Principle. Mendeleev's Periodic Table
39.4 Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structure
39.5 Optical Properties of Molecules. Molecular Spectra
39.6 Raman Scattering of Light
39.7 Luminescence. X rays
39.8 Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers
PART SEVEN BASIC SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
CHAPTER 40 STRUCTURE AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
40.1 Structure of Solids
40.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids
40.3 Brief Information on the Elastic Properties of Solids
40.4 Basic Concepts of Phase Transitions in Solids
CHAPTER 41 AN OUTLINE OF THE QUANTUM PHYSICS OF SOLIDS
41.1 Basic Concepts of Quantum Statistics
41.2 Bose-Einsfein and Fermi-Dirac Distribution Functions
41.3 Degeneracy of Systems of Particles Described by Quantum Statistics
41.4 Degenerate Electron Fermi Gas in Metals
41.5 Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction in Metals
41.6 Superconductivity
41.7 Heat Capacity of Solids
41.8 Band Theory of Solids
41.9 Metals and Dielectrics in the Band Theory
41.10 Electrical Conduction of Sei luctors
41.11 Concept of Contact Electrical Phenomenain Metals and Semiconductors
PART EIGHT NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
CHAPTER 42 STRUCTURE AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF ATOMIC NUCLEI
42.1 Main Properties and Structure of the Nucleus
42.2 Binding Energy of Nuclei. Mass Defect
42.3 Nuclear Forces
42.4 Radioactivity
42.5 Alpha Decay
42.6 Beta Decay
42.7 Gamma Rays
42.8 Mossbauer Effect
42.9 Nuclear Reactions
CHAPTER 43 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
43.1 Preliminary Information on Elementary Particles
43.2 Classification of Elementary Particles and Their Interaction
43.3 Certain Information on Various Elementary Particles
43.4 Certain Conservation Laws in Elementary-Particle Physics
43.5 Antiparticles
43.6 Structure of the Nucleon
PART NINE APPENDICES
I. SYSTEMS OF UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
II. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
INDEX