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Modern Computer Architecture and Organization: Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and the design of smartphones, PCs, and cloud servers

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A no-nonsense, practical guide to current and future processor and computer architectures that enables you to design computer systems and develop better software applications across a variety of domains

Key Features

  • Understand digital circuitry through the study of transistors, logic gates, and sequential logic
  • Learn the architecture of x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V processors, iPhones, and high-performance gaming PCs
  • Study the design principles underlying the domains of cybersecurity, bitcoin, and self-driving cars

Book Description

Are you a software developer, systems designer, or computer architecture student looking for a methodical introduction to digital device architectures, but are overwhelmed by the complexity of modern systems? This step-by-step guide will teach you how modern computer systems work with the help of practical examples and exercises. You'll gain insights into the internal behavior of processors down to the circuit level and will understand how the hardware executes code developed in high-level languages.

This book will teach you the fundamentals of computer systems including transistors, logic gates, sequential logic, and instruction pipelines. You will learn details of modern processor architectures and instruction sets including x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V. You will see how to implement a RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA board and write a quantum computing program and run it on an actual quantum computer.

This edition has been updated to cover the architecture and design principles underlying the important domains of cybersecurity, blockchain and bitcoin mining, and self-driving vehicles.

By the end of this book, you will have a thorough understanding of modern processors and computer architecture and the future directions these technologies are likely to take.

What you will learn

  • Understand the fundamentals of transistor technology and digital circuits
  • Explore the concepts underlying pipelining and superscalar processing
  • Implement a complete RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA
  • Understand the technology used to implement virtual machines
  • Learn about security-critical computing applications like financial transaction processing
  • Get up to speed with blockchain and the hardware architectures used in bitcoin mining
  • Explore the capabilities of self-navigating vehicle computing architectures
  • Write a quantum computing program and run it on a real quantum computer

Who this book is for

This book is for software developers, computer engineering students, system designers, reverse engineers, and anyone looking to understand the architecture and design principles underlying modern computer systems: ranging from tiny, embedded devices to warehouse-size cloud server farms. A general understanding of computer processors is helpful but not required.

Table of Contents

  1. Introducing Computer Architecture
  2. Digital Logic
  3. Processor Elements
  4. Computer System Components
  5. Hardware-Software Interface
  6. Specialized Computing Domains
  7. Processor and Memory Architectures
  8. Performance-Enhancing Techniques
  9. Specialized Processor Extensions
  10. Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets
  11. The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set
  12. Processor Virtualization
  13. Domain-Specific Computer Architectures
  14. Cybersecurity and Confidential Computing Architectures
  15. Blockchain and Bitcoin Mining Architectures
  16. Self-Driving Vehicle Architectures
  17. Quantum Computing and Other Future Directions in Computer Architectures
  18. Appendix

Author(s): Jim Ledin
Edition: 2
Publisher: Packt Publishing
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 666
Tags: Computer Architecture; Computer Organization; X86; RISC-V

Cover
Copyright
Contributors
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture
Technical requirements
The evolution of automated computing devices
Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine
ENIAC
IBM PC
The Intel 8088 microprocessor
The Intel 80286 and 80386 microprocessors
The iPhone
Moore’s law
Computer architecture
Representing numbers with voltage levels
Binary and hexadecimal numbers
The 6502 microprocessor
The 6502 instruction set
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2: Digital Logic
Technical requirements
Electrical circuits
The transistor
Logic gates
Latches
Flip-flops
Registers
Adders
Propagation delay
Clocking
Sequential logic
Hardware description languages
VHDL
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 3: Processor Elements
Technical requirements
A simple processor
Control unit
Executing an instruction – a simple example
Arithmetic logic unit
Registers
The instruction set
Addressing modes
Immediate addressing mode
Absolute addressing mode
Absolute indexed addressing mode
Indirect indexed addressing mode
Instruction categories
Memory load and store instructions
Register-to-register data transfer instructions
Stack instructions
Arithmetic instructions
Logical instructions
Branching instructions
Subroutine call and return instructions
Processor flag instructions
Interrupt-related instructions
No operation instruction
Interrupt processing
 processing
 processing
BRK instruction processing
Input/output operations
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-driven I/O
Direct memory access
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4: Computer System Components
Technical requirements
Memory subsystem
Introducing the MOSFET
Constructing DRAM circuits with MOSFETs
The capacitor
The DRAM bit cell
DDR5 SDRAM
Graphics DDR
Prefetching
I/O subsystem
Parallel and serial data buses
PCI Express
SATA
M.2
USB
Thunderbolt
Graphics displays
VGA
DVI
HDMI
DisplayPort
Network interface
Ethernet
Wi-Fi
Keyboard and mouse
Keyboard
Mouse
Modern computer system specifications
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5: Hardware-Software Interface
Technical requirements
Device drivers
The parallel port
PCIe device drivers
Device driver structure
BIOS
UEFI
The boot process
BIOS boot
UEFI boot
Trusted boot
Embedded devices
Operating systems
Processes and threads
Scheduling algorithms and process priority
Multiprocessing
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 6: Specialized Computing Domains
Technical requirements
Real-time computing
Real-time operating systems
Digital signal processing
ADCs and DACs
DSP hardware features
Signal processing algorithms
Convolution
Digital filtering
Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
GPU processing
GPUs as data processors
Big data
Deep learning
Examples of specialized architectures
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 7: Processor and Memory Architectures
Technical requirements
The von Neumann, Harvard, and modified Harvard architectures
The von Neumann architecture
The Harvard architecture
The modified Harvard architecture
Physical and virtual memory
Paged virtual memory
Page status bits
Memory pools
Memory management unit
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 8: Performance-Enhancing Techniques
Technical requirements
Cache memory
Multilevel processor caches
Static RAM
Level 1 cache
Direct-mapped cache
Set associative cache
Processor cache write policies
Level 2 and level 3 processor caches
Superpipelining
Pipeline hazards
Micro-operations and register renaming
Conditional branches
Simultaneous multithreading
SIMD processing
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 9: Specialized Processor Extensions
Technical requirements
Privileged processor modes
Handling interrupts and exceptions
Protection rings
Supervisor mode and user mode
System calls
Floating-point arithmetic
The 8087 floating-point coprocessor
The IEEE 754 floating-point standard
Power management
Dynamic voltage frequency scaling
System security management
Trusted Platform Module
Thwarting cyberattackers
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 10: Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets
Technical requirements
x86 architecture and instruction set
The x86 register set
x86 addressing modes
Implied addressing
Register addressing
Immediate addressing
Direct memory addressing
Register indirect addressing
Indexed addressing
Based indexed addressing
Based indexed addressing with scaling
x86 instruction categories
Data movement
Stack manipulation
Arithmetic and logic
Conversions
Control flow
String manipulation
Flag manipulation
Input/output
Protected mode
Miscellaneous instructions
Other instruction categories
Common instruction patterns
x86 instruction formats
x86 assembly language
x64 architecture and instruction set
The x64 register set
x64 instruction categories and formats
x64 assembly language
32-bit ARM architecture and instruction set
The ARM register set
ARM addressing modes
Immediate
Register direct
Register indirect
Register indirect with offset
Register indirect with offset, pre-incremented
Register indirect with offset, post-incremented
Double register indirect
Double register indirect with scaling
ARM instruction categories
Load/store
Stack manipulation
Register movement
Arithmetic and logic
Comparisons
Control flow
Supervisor mode
Breakpoint
Conditional execution
Other instruction categories
32-bit ARM assembly language
64-bit ARM architecture and instruction set
64-bit ARM assembly language
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 11: The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set
Technical requirements
The RISC-V architecture and applications
The RISC-V base instruction set
Computational instructions
Control flow instructions
Memory access instructions
System instructions
Pseudo-instructions
Privilege levels
RISC-V extensions
The M extension
The A extension
The C extension
The F and D extensions
Other extensions
RISC-V variants
64-bit RISC-V
Standard RISC-V configurations
RISC-V assembly language
Implementing RISC-V in an FPGA
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 12: Processor Virtualization
Technical requirements
Introducing virtualization
Types of virtualization
Operating system virtualization
Application virtualization
Network virtualization
Storage virtualization
Categories of processor virtualization
Trap-and-emulate virtualization
Paravirtualization
Binary translation
Hardware emulation
Virtualization challenges
Unsafe instructions
Shadow page tables
Security
Virtualizing modern processors
x86 processor virtualization
x86 hardware virtualization
ARM processor virtualization
RISC-V processor virtualization
Virtualization tools
VirtualBox
VMware Workstation
VMware ESXi
KVM
Xen
QEMU
Virtualization and cloud computing
Electrical power consumption
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 13: Domain-Specific Computer Architectures
Technical requirements
Architecting computer systems to meet unique requirements
Smartphone architecture
iPhone 13 Pro Max
Personal computer architecture
Alienware Aurora Ryzen Edition R10 gaming desktop
Ryzen 9 5950X branch prediction
Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 GPU
Aurora subsystems
Warehouse-scale computing architecture
WSC hardware
Rack-based servers
Hardware fault management
Electrical power consumption
The WSC as a multilevel information cache
Deploying a cloud application
Neural networks and machine learning architectures
Intel Nervana neural network processor
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 14: Cybersecurity and Confidential Computing Architectures
Technical requirements
Cybersecurity threats
Cybersecurity threat categories
Cyberattack techniques
Types of malware
Post-exploitation actions
Features of secure hardware
Identify what needs to be protected
Anticipate all types of attacks
Features of secure system design
Secure key storage
Encryption of data at rest
Encryption of data in transit
Cryptographically secure key generation
Secure boot procedure
Tamper-resistant hardware design
Confidential computing
Designing for security at the architectural level
Avoid security through obscurity
Comprehensive secure design
The principle of least privilege
Zero trust architecture
Ensuring security in system and application software
Common software weaknesses
Buffer overflow
Cross-site scripting
SQL injection
Path traversal
Source code security scans
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 15: Blockchain and Bitcoin Mining Architectures
Technical requirements
Introduction to blockchain and bitcoin
The SHA-256 hash algorithm
Computing SHA-256
Bitcoin core software
The bitcoin mining process
Bitcoin mining pools
Mining with a CPU
Mining with a GPU
Bitcoin mining computer architectures
Mining with FPGAs
Mining with ASICs
Bitcoin mining economics
Alternative types of cryptocurrency
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 16: Self-Driving Vehicle Architectures
Technical requirements
Overview of self-driving vehicles
Driving autonomy levels
Safety concerns of self-driving vehicles
Hardware and software requirements for self-driving vehicles
Sensing vehicle state and the surroundings
GPS, speedometer, and inertial sensors
Video cameras
Radar
Lidar
Sonar
Perceiving the environment
Convolutional neural networks
Example CNN implementation
CNNs in autonomous driving applications
Lidar localization
Object tracking
Decision processing
Lane keeping
Complying with the rules of the road
Avoiding objects
Planning the vehicle path
Autonomous vehicle computing architecture
Tesla HW3 Autopilot
Summary
Exercises
Chapter 17: Quantum Computing and Other Future Directions in Computer Architectures
Technical requirements
The ongoing evolution of computer architectures
Extrapolating from current trends
Moore’s law revisited
The third dimension
Increased device specialization
Potentially disruptive technologies
Quantum physics
Spintronics
Quantum computing
Quantum code-breaking
Adiabatic quantum computation
The future of quantum computing
Carbon nanotubes
Building a future-tolerant skill set
Continuous learning
College education
Conferences and literature
Summary
Exercises
Appendix
Answers to Exercises
Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 2: Digital Logic
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 3: Processor Elements
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Chapter 4: Computer System Components
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 5: Hardware-Software Interface
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 6: Specialized Computing Domains
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 7: Processor and Memory Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 8: Performance-Enhancing Techniques
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 9: Specialized Processor Extensions
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Exercise 7
Answer
Exercise 8
Answer
Chapter 10: Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Exercise 5
Answer
Exercise 6
Answer
Exercise 7
Answer
Exercise 8
Answer
Chapter 11: The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 12: Processor Virtualization
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 13: Domain-Specific Computer Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 14: Cybersecurity and Confidential Computing Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Chapter 15: Blockchain and Bitcoin Mining Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Chapter 16: Self-Driving Vehicle Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
Chapter 17: Future Directions in Computer Architectures
Exercise 1
Answer
Exercise 2
Answer
Exercise 3
Answer
Exercise 4
Answer
PacktPage
Index