Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins, Revised and Expanded

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

Third Edition collects and examines the tremendous proliferation of information on chromatographic analysis of fat and water soluble vitamins over the last decade. Extensively describes sample preparation and final measurement.

Author(s): Andre P. De Leenheer, Willy Lambert
Series: Chromatographic Science Series
Edition: 3nd
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2000

Language: English
Pages: 606

Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins......Page 1
Preface......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 8
A. Retinoids......Page 13
B. Carotenoids......Page 18
A. Retinoids......Page 20
B. Carotenoids......Page 23
III. SAMPLE EXTRACTION, HANDLING, AND STORAGE OF RETINOIDS AND CAROTENOIDS......Page 25
A. Quantitation of Standards......Page 29
B. Internal Standards......Page 30
IV. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF RETINOIDS AND CAROTENOIDS......Page 31
V. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 32
Retinol......Page 33
Retinyl Esters......Page 34
Geometric Isomers of Retinal and Retinol......Page 35
Retinoic Acid and Synthetic Retinoids......Page 36
Normal-Phase HPLC Systems......Page 40
Reversed-Phase HPLC Systems......Page 41
Human Tissues......Page 42
Cleavage Products of Carotene......Page 47
Plants, Fruits, and Vegetables......Page 48
Bacteria and Algae......Page 49
Other Species......Page 50
A. Retinoids......Page 51
GC-MS......Page 52
LC-MS......Page 54
B. Carotenoids......Page 58
New Ionization Methods and Tandem Mass Spectrometry......Page 59
LC-MS......Page 61
VIII. OTHER METHODS......Page 64
X. SUMMARY......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 87
B. Chemistry......Page 88
Pro-drugs......Page 89
Analogs......Page 90
D. Biochemistry and Metabolism......Page 92
A. Introduction......Page 100
Solvent Extraction......Page 103
Solid-Phase Extraction and Prepacked Cartridges......Page 104
Columns......Page 109
Solvents......Page 110
D. Detection and Quantitation (Not Using Mass Spectrometry)......Page 116
Introduction......Page 126
B-Ring Closure......Page 128
Derivatives for GLC......Page 129
Direct Infusion......Page 135
Continuous-Flow FAB......Page 137
Ionisation (APCI)......Page 138
A. Clinical......Page 142
B. In Vitro Studies......Page 144
C. Foodstuffs and Pharmaceuticals......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, and Tocopheryl Esters (1,3,4)......Page 154
Decomposition Products, Metabolites and Analogs of Tocopherol......Page 156
D. Biological Function and Activity (3,5,14,15)......Page 158
The Need for Assaying Vitamin E......Page 159
The Need for Chromatography......Page 160
Analytical Challenges and Aim of This Review......Page 161
Systems......Page 162
B. Status Before 1989 (25,28)......Page 163
Introduction......Page 164
Systems......Page 165
Detection......Page 166
Quantitation......Page 167
Sample Preparation......Page 169
Systems......Page 170
Sample Preparation and Applications......Page 171
Systems......Page 172
Detection......Page 188
Sample Preparation......Page 194
Applications......Page 211
Quantitation......Page 212
Systems......Page 215
Introduction......Page 216
GC-MS......Page 217
A. Separation of Isomers......Page 218
B. Separation of Oxidation Products......Page 222
D. Narrow-Bore and Capillary LC......Page 223
F. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC)......Page 224
G. Column Switching......Page 225
H. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
A. Structures; Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 240
B. Biochemistry, Physiological Behavior, and Diagnostic Importance......Page 242
II. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 245
III. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 246
A. Internal Standardization, Isolation, and Cleanup......Page 247
B. Analytical Chromatography......Page 253
HPLC and Reversed-Phase Chromatography......Page 254
Other Separation Methods (SFC and SFE)......Page 259
Electrochemical Detection......Page 260
Fluorescence Detection......Page 261
Mass Selective Detection......Page 263
A. Internal Standardization, Isolation, and Derivatization......Page 266
B. Chromatography......Page 267
V. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 268
VI. RECENT TECHNIQUES......Page 269
B. GC-MS and GC-MS-MS......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 272
A. History......Page 282
B. Biosynthesis and Chemical Structure of Ascorbic Acid......Page 283
Reducing Properties of Ascorbic Acid......Page 285
Pro-oxidant Properties......Page 286
Regeneration of Ascorbic Acid......Page 287
II. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 288
B. Sample Preparation......Page 289
C. HPLC Conditions......Page 291
D. Electrochemical Detection......Page 292
E. UV Detection......Page 295
F. Fluorometric Detection......Page 297
IV. GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 298
A. Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 299
VI. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 306
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 312
A. Foods and Biological Samples......Page 313
B. Blood Plasma and Red Blood Cells......Page 315
IV. DECONJUGATION OF FOLATE POLYGLUTAMATES......Page 317
V. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 318
VI. SAMPLE CLEANUP FOR HPLC ANALYSIS......Page 322
VII. DETECTION......Page 323
IX. OTHER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS......Page 325
X. MASS SPECTROMETRIC PROCEDURES......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
A. History......Page 335
Nicotinamide......Page 336
Biosynthesis......Page 338
Catabolism......Page 339
Biochemical Function......Page 340
Nicotinamide in the Prevention of Diabetes......Page 341
Column......Page 342
Biosamples......Page 345
Food......Page 346
D. NAD, NADH, NADP, and NADPH......Page 352
N1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA)......Page 353
F. Nicotinamide N-oxide......Page 356
G. N1-Methylnicotinic Acid (Trigonelline)......Page 358
6-Aminonicotinamide......Page 359
NaMN, NMN, and NaAD......Page 360
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose (ADPR)......Page 361
A. Introduction......Page 364
V. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 365
VI. RECENT TECHNIQUES......Page 367
VII. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 370
A. Chemical Properties......Page 375
Physiological Functions......Page 378
II. PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 379
Detection......Page 380
Pharmaceutical Preparations......Page 381
Foods......Page 382
Clinical Specimens......Page 383
Analytical Systems......Page 385
Tissue Contents......Page 389
Blood and Other Clinical Specimens......Page 392
A. Introduction......Page 394
B. Procedures for Determination......Page 395
VI. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 396
REFERENCES......Page 397
A. History......Page 400
B. Chemical Properties......Page 401
C. Biochemistry......Page 403
Flavin Metabolism in Humans......Page 405
E. Pharmacological Function......Page 407
A. Thin-Layer Chromatography......Page 408
B. Conventional Column Chromatography......Page 409
C. Af.nity Chromatography......Page 410
Stationary Phases......Page 411
Pharmaceutical Preparations......Page 412
Foods......Page 413
Sample Pretreatment......Page 418
Biosamples......Page 421
C. Flavin Mononucleotide and Ribo.avin Phosphates......Page 422
Foods......Page 426
D. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide......Page 427
Biosamples......Page 428
E. Flavin Metabolites and Analogs......Page 429
V. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 430
VI. RECENT TECHNIQUES: CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS......Page 432
VII. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 437
B. Chemical Properties......Page 443
C. Biochemistry......Page 444
E. Pharmacological Function......Page 445
F. Different Approaches to Vitamin B6 Analysis......Page 446
A. Introduction......Page 447
Fluorescence......Page 448
C. Pharmaceutical Preparations......Page 452
Comprehensive Food Analysis......Page 455
Determination of Pyridoxine in Forti.ed Food Products and Elemental Diets......Page 459
Methods for the Determination of PLP and/ or PL......Page 460
Comprehensive Vitamin B6 Analysis......Page 467
Urine......Page 471
V. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 473
VII. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 475
REFERENCES......Page 476
Stability......Page 486
Chemical Reactivity......Page 487
Biotin Biosynthesis and Degradation......Page 488
Biotin Transport......Page 490
Attachment of Biotin to the Apoenzymes and Hydrolysis of Biocytin......Page 491
Biotin-Dependent Enzymes......Page 492
Biotin De.ciency......Page 493
II. BIOTIN DETERMINATIONS......Page 494
Microbiological Determinations......Page 495
2-( 4'- Hydroxyazobenzene) benzoic Acid Method ( HABA)......Page 496
Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence......Page 497
Methods Based on Radioactivity Detection......Page 498
Enzyme-Linked Assays......Page 499
A. Ion Exchange Chromatography......Page 500
B. Paper Chromatography......Page 501
C. Thin-Layer Chromatography......Page 502
IV. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 503
A. Precolumn Derivatization......Page 504
B. Postcolumn Derivatization......Page 505
V. GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 506
B. HPLC-MS......Page 507
VIII. FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 508
REFERENCES......Page 509
A. History......Page 517
Structure......Page 518
Stability......Page 519
Spectroscopy......Page 520
Biosynthesis of Cobalamin......Page 521
Cobalamin-Dependent Reactions......Page 523
D. Physiology......Page 526
A. Extraction Procedures......Page 527
C. Thin-Layer Chromatography......Page 531
Cobalamins in Tissues......Page 533
D. Nonpolar Adsorption Chromatography......Page 535
E. Ion Exchange Chromatography......Page 536
B. Multivitamin Mixtures......Page 537
C. Preparative Separation of Cobalamin Coenzymes and Analogs......Page 541
D. Analytical Separation of Plasma and Tissue Cobalamin......Page 544
IV. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 551
V. MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 552
REFERENCES......Page 553
A. History......Page 561
B. Chemistry......Page 562
C. Biochemistry......Page 564
D. Physiology......Page 567
E. Occurrence and Stability in Foods......Page 568
F. Analysis......Page 569
A. General Considerations......Page 571
Multivitamin Pharmaceuticals......Page 572
Foodstuffs......Page 576
C. Panthenol......Page 578
D. Optical Isomers of Pantothenic Acid and Related Compounds......Page 579
E. Coenzyme A and Related Compounds......Page 580
B. Pantothenic Acid and Pantothenates......Page 586
Biological Materials......Page 587
C. Panthenol......Page 591
D. Optical Isomers of Pantothenic Acid and Related Compounds......Page 592
Pantothenic Acid......Page 594
Pantothenic Acid and Hopantenic Acid......Page 595
Optical Isomers of Pantothenic Acid and Hopantenic Acid......Page 597
Coenzyme A Compounds......Page 598
A. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis......Page 599
VII. FUTURE TRENDS......Page 600
REFERENCES......Page 601