This richly illustrated book written by Professor Kai Peter Birke and several co-authors addresses both scientific and engineering aspects of modern batteries in a unique way. Emphasizing the engineering part of batteries, the book acts as a compass towards next generation batteries for automotive and stationary applications. The book provides distinguished answers to still open questions on how future batteries look like. Modern Battery Engineering explains why and how batteries have to be designed for successful commercialization in e-mobility and stationary applications. The book will help readers understand the principle issues of battery designs, paving the way for engineers to avoid wrong paths and settle on appropriate cell technologies for next generation batteries. This book is ideal for training courses for readers interested in the field of modern batteries.
Author(s): Kai Peter Birke
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 304
City: Singapore
Contents
Preface
About the Editor
About the Authors
1. Fundamental Aspects of Achievable Energy Densities in Electrochemical Cells
Annex
A. Specific capacity of each element
B. Series voltage of each element
C. Specific energy of each element
D. Volumetric energy density of each element
Bibliography
2. Lithium-ion Cells: Discussion of Different Cell Housings
2.1 Cell Housings
2.2 Cylindrical Cells
2.3 Prismatic Cells
2.4 Stabilization of Electrode and Separator Layers
2.5 Gas Evolution
2.6 Flexibility with Respect to Cell Size
2.7 Producing Pouch Cells
2.8 Status Quo of Cell Concepts
2.9 Outlook
Bibliography
3. Integral Battery Architecture with Cylindrical Cells as Structural Elements
3.1 State of the Art Battery Systems
3.1.1 Block architecture
3.1.2 Modular architecture
3.1.3 Cell circuitry
3.2 The Battery Cell as a Structural Element
3.2.1 Cylindrical cells
3.2.2 Prismatic cells
3.2.3 Battery cells as structural elements
3.3 Construction of the Battery Module
3.3.1 Cell connection
3.3.2 Moisture proof
3.3.3 Lifetime
3.3.4 Automotive standards
3.3.5 No further load bearing elements
3.3.6 Thermal management
3.3.7 Safety aspects
3.3.8 Scalability
3.3.9 Exchangeable single battery cells
3.3.10 Gas channels
3.4 Integrated Cell Supervision Circuit
3.4.1 Balancing
3.4.2 Mechanical integration
3.4.3 Communication
3.4.4 Energy saving
3.5 Cell Connectors
3.5.1 State of the art
3.5.2 Electrical contact resistance
3.5.3 Clamped cell connectors
3.5.4 Conclusion
3.6 Battery Thermal Management
3.6.1 State of the art
3.6.1.1 Air cooling for BTM
3.6.1.2 Liquid cooling for BTM
3.6.1.3 Phase change materials for BTM
3.6.1.4 Heat pipe
3.6.1.5 Thermoelectric cooler (TEC)
3.6.2 BTM for integral single cell
3.6.2.1 Non-uniform temperature distribution inside battery cells
3.6.2.2 Terminal cooling
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
4. Parallel Connection of Lithium-ion Cells — Purpose, Tasks and Challenges
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Main Issues and Challenges
4.3 Influences on the Current Distribution
4.3.1 Simplified model — Analytical solution
4.3.2 Effects of cell resistance and capacity variations
4.3.3 Influence of the open circuit voltage bending
4.4 Thermal Effects
4.5 Aging
Bibliography
5. Fundamental Aspects of Reconfigurable Batteries: Efficiency Enhancement and Lifetime Extension
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modeling
5.2.1 Energy efficiency
5.2.1.1 Energy loss
5.2.1.2 Rest energy versus equalization energy
5.3 Dynamic Optimization Problem
5.4 Optimal Control
5.4.1 Vector-based dynamic programming
5.4.2 Complexity of the control strategy
5.4.3 Optimal control policy
5.5 Efficiency Enhancement
5.5.1 Simulation setup
5.5.2 Results
5.6 Lifetime Enhancement
5.6.1 Aging model
5.6.2 Results
5.7 Summary
Bibliography
6. Volume Strain in Lithium Batteries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Volume Strain
6.2.1 Intercalation
6.2.2 Alloying
6.2.3 Conversion
6.3 Volume Strain on Cells Level
6.4 Volume Strain on Systems Level
6.5 Measurement Techniques
6.5.1 Unpressurized
6.5.2 Pressurized
6.6 State Diagnostics
6.6.1 SoH diagnostics
6.6.2 SoC diagnostics
Bibliography
7. Every Day a New Battery: Aging Dependence of Internal States in Lithium-ion Cells
7.1 Operation and Degradation Processes in the Electrode State Diagram
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Absolute potentials and the electrode state diagram
7.1.3 Charge and discharge
7.1.4 Charge and discharge limits
7.1.5 Combined electrode reactions
7.1.6 Anodic side reactions — Growth of solid electrolyte interface (SEI)
7.1.7 Cathodic side reactions — Possible formation of solid permeable interface (SPI)
7.1.8 Transition metal dissolution
7.1.9 Loss of active material
7.2 Experimental Verification and Analysis Techniques
7.2.1 Loss of anode active material
7.2.2 Loss of active lithium
7.2.3 Loss of cathode active lithium
7.2.4 The principle of limitation
7.2.5 Example of an aged cell
7.2.6 Inhomogeneities and limitations in real cells
7.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
8. Thermal Propagation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Process of Thermal Propagation
8.2.1 Thermal runaway
8.2.2 Propagation
8.2.3 Resulting effects
8.3 Testing
8.3.1 Relevance
8.3.2 Trigger methods
8.3.3 Measurement equipment and methods
8.3.4 Experiment setup and conditions
8.3.5 Analyzing the results
8.4 Influencing Variables
8.4.1 Cell format
8.4.2 Energy density
8.4.3 System design
Bibliography
9. Potential of Capacitive Effects in Lithium-ion Cells
9.1 Brief Introduction to the Principles of Electrostatic and Electrochemical Storage
9.1.1 Double-layer capacitance
9.1.2 Intercalation
9.1.3 Pseudocapacitance
9.2 Similarities and Differences between Capacitors and Lithium-ion Cells
9.2.1 Carbons as electrode material
9.2.2 The solid electrolyte interface
9.2.3 Summary
9.3 Methods of Measurement of Capacitive Effects
9.3.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
9.3.1.1 Modeling approaches based on equivalent circuit elements
9.3.2 Cyclic voltammetry
9.3.3 Current pulse method
9.3.4 Summary
9.4 Utilization of Capacitive Effects in Li-ion Cells
9.4.1 Li-ion cell development
9.4.2 Li-ion capacitor
9.4.3 Estimation of DL capacitance on cell level
9.4.4 Potential on the system level
9.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Nomenclature
Bibliography
10. Battery Recycling: Focus on Li-ion Batteries
10.1 Battery Materials and their Supply
10.2 Motivation for Battery Recycling and Legal Framework in Europe
10.3 Available Recycling Technologies
10.3.1 Pre-processing treatments
10.3.2 Pyro- and hydrometallurgy for extraction
10.4 Electrohydraulic Fragmentation, an Innovative Recycling Process for Battery Recycling
10.5 Outlook
Bibliography
11. Power-to-X Conversion Technologies
11.1 Definition of Power-to-X
11.2 Potential of Cross-Sectoral Applications
11.3 Power-to-X as a Primary Battery
11.4 Power-to-Gas
11.4.1 Hydrogen generation
11.4.2 Electrolytic hydrogen generation
11.4.2.1 Thermochemical hydrogen generation
11.4.2.2 Photochemical hydrogen generation
11.4.3 Methanation
11.4.3.1 Catalytic/chemical methanation
11.4.3.2 Biological methanation
11.4.3.3 Plasma-based methanation
11.5 Power-to-Liquid
11.5.1 Technological overview
11.5.2 Carbon sources
11.6 Power-to-Solid
11.7 Basic Gas Management Systems
11.8 Sustainable Energy Chains — Closing Remarks
Bibliography
Epilogue
Acknowledgments
Index
