This book provides practical and theoretical aspects for automotive antenna measurements. It comprehensively covers all the information you need to design, develop, place, and use antennas and antenna systems in automotive applications. Special chapters are devoted to some of the most advanced topics in this area, including OTA measurements for Vehicle to Everything (V2X) applications, emulation of virtual drive testing, and specific topics for measurements of automotive RADAR systems. You will understand the various measurement techniques specifically for automotive antennas, including chamber design, absorbers, near-to-far field transformation, and some of the newest techniques such as the use of drones. The book presents both well accepted and standard practices and includes innovative methods that help you quickly adapt to the rapidly evolving field of automotive antenna testing today. This is an excellent reference for antenna engineers, automotive system designers, and anyone who measures and designs antennas for automotive applications.
Author(s): Lars J. Foged, Manuel Sierra Castañer
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 280
City: Boston
Modern Automotive
Antenna Measurements
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Automotive Antenna and Device Measurements
References
Chapter 2
Challenges and Figures of Merit in Automotive Measurements
2.1 Antenna Measurement
2.1.1 Antenna Gain and OTA Measurements
2.1.2 Calibration Antenna
2.1.3 Testing Parameters
2.2 NF versus FF Measurements
2.3 Introduction to Near Transformation Theory
2.4 Radiofrequency System
References
Chapter 3 NFFF Transformations
3.1 NF/FF Transformation based on Spherical Wave Expansion
3.1.1 SWE
3.1.2 Truncated SNF Measurements
3.1.3 Advanced SWE Techniques
3.2 Equivalent Current Technique
3.2.1 Formulation
3.2.2 Features
3.3 New Methods for NF-to-FF Transformations
3.3.1 Sparse Recovery of SWC
3.3.2 Optimal Sampling Interpolation
References
Chapter 4
Chamber Design and Analysis
4.1 Measurement Ranges
4.2 Design Criteria
4.2.1 Absorbers and Ferrites
4.2.2 Rectangular Chambers
4.2.3 Tapered Chambers
4.2.4 Chambers with Conductive Floors
4.3 Analysis Methods
4.3.1 Full-Wave Models
4.3.2 Ray-Tracer Solvers
4.3.3 Image Theory–Based Technique
4.3.4 Measurements with the Scaled Model Method
4.4 QZ Evaluation with Measurements
4.4.1 Field Probe Measurements Over QZ
4.4.2 Antenna Pattern Comparison
References
Chapter 5
Implementation and Calibration of Automotive Ranges
5.1 Absorber and Conductive Floor Systems
5.1.1 Gain Calibration
5.1.2 Gain Calibration Accuracy
5.1.3 Measurement Examples
5.2 FF Ranges
5.3 Single-Probe NF Systems
5.3.1 Use of Wideband Probes
5.3.2 Use of Wideband and Dual-Polarized Probes
5.4 Multiprobe NF Systems
5.4.1 Probe-Related Design Challenges
5.4.2 Sampling in MP Systems
5.4.3 Different Implementations of Automotive MP Systems
5.4.4 Low-Frequency Measurements
5.4.5 High-Frequency Measurements
5.5 Scaled Measurements
References
Chapter 6
OTA Measurements
6.1 OTA Test Setup
6.2 OTA Testing Parameters
6.3 OTA System Calibration
6.4 OTA Measurement Methods
6.4.1 NF to FF Transform Using Phase Recovery
6.4.2 Separate Measurements with Conducted RF
6.4.3 Two-Step Measurement or Combinational Method
6.4.4 Direct OTA Measurements
6.4.5 NF to Quasi-FF Transform Through Parallax
6.4.6 TRP/TIS Testing of Devices on a Limited Ground Plane
6.5 OTA Sampling
6.6 OTA Measurement Examples
6.7 MIMO OTA Testing
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Direct MIMO OTA Testing
6.7.3 Two-Stage Methods
References
Chapter 7
Advanced Post-Processing Techniques
7.1 Post-Processing by the Equivalent Current Method
7.1.1 Diagnostics and Filtering
7.1.2 Extrapolation of Truncated Areas
7.1.3 NF Calculation from the Equivalent Current
7.1.4 Link Between Measurements and Simulations
7.2 Investigation and Mitigation of Truncation Errors in Free-Space
Automotive Systems
7.2.1 Case Study Description and Investigation of Truncation Errors Effect
7.2.2 Mitigation of Truncation Errors
7.3 Free-Space Response Retrieval in PEC-Based Automotive Systems
7.3.1 Spatial Filtering Techniques for PEC Removal
7.3.2 Example with Scaled Measurements
References
Chapter 8
Virtual Drive Testing
8.1 VDT
8.2 The Link Between Measurement and Simulation
8.3 Simulation of Complex Scenarios from Measurements
8.4 Different Ground Emulation of Measured Vehicle Antennas
8.5 V2V and V2X Coupling Evaluation
References
Chapter 9 In-Situ Acquisition Systems for Automotive Measurements: Drone and
Handheld Approaches
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Airborne-Based Antenna Measurement Techniques
9.2.1 An Overview of Airborne-Based Antenna Measurement Techniques
9.2.2 Antenna Characterization by Means of Equivalent Currents
9.2.3 Application Example
9.3 Handheld Systems
9.3.1 An Overview of the Handheld System
9.3.2 Handheld System Description
9.3.3 Particular Characteristics of the Handheld System
9.3.4 Application Example
9.4 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 10 Practical Aspects of Automotive Measurements and Virtual-Drive Testing
10.1 Challenges for Automotive Antenna Measurements
10.1.1 Limitations of Automotive Antenna Measurement Range
10.1.2 Implications of the Car Body for Antenna Design and Measurements in
the Installed State
10.2 Application-Oriented Post-Processing of Automotive Antenna
Measurements
10.2.1 Phase Center Determination
10.2.2 Automotive Antenna Performance Indicators
10.3 Over-the-Air Vehicle-in-the-Loop Approach for System Validation
in a Virtual Environment
10.3.1 Concept
10.3.2 LTE and V2X Emulation
10.3.3 Automotive Radar
References
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Index
