Modern Applied Fracture Mechanics presents a practical, accessible guide to understanding and applying basic linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) techniques to problems commonly seen in industry, including fatigue analysis, failure analysis, and damage tolerance.
Including applications for several software programs, AFGROW, MATLAB®, ABAQUS, and a web-based FM calculator, the book discusses appropriate models, assumptions, and typical input/output parameters. It provides a framework that will enable readers to quickly learn and use fracture mechanics (FM) software packages and/or write their own code to solve unique or standard FM problems. The book covers the fundamental concepts needed to successfully execute routine applications or conduct experimental investigations. End-of-chapter problems are included, along with real-world examples to enhance student understanding.
The textbook is appropriate for undergraduate students, preparing them for the industry, and for advanced studies in fracture mechanics at the graduate level. Industry professionals and researchers will find this book a valuable resource for understanding basic fracture mechanics principles and methods.
Features include:
- Provides broad, accessible coverage of common fracture mechanics concepts and applications.
- Focuses on applications, real-world examples, and numerical methods in fracture analysis.
- Integrates and explains current end-user software coverage for fracture mechanics.
- Includes numerous sample problems, software examples, and end-of-chapter problems.
- Includes a Solutions Manual for adopting instructors.
Author(s): Cameron Coates, Valmiki Sooklal
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 245
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: Fracture Mechanics
Objectives
1.1 Historical to Recent Failures
1.2 The Need for Fracture Mechanics and Their Applications
1.3 Materials Science Review
1.4 Dislocations and Plasticity
1.5 Isotropy vs. Anisotropy
1.6 State of Stress and Strain Concepts
1.7 Stress-Based Approach
1.8 The Fracture Mechanics Approach
1.9 Linear Elastic vs. Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics
1.10 Fracture of Metals
1.11 Fracture of Nonmetals
1.12 Software Use in Fracture Mechanics
Review and Practice Problems
Elementary Mechanics of Materials Problems
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: Basic
Objectives
2.1 Early Theoretical Foundations
2.2 Stress Concentration
2.3 Plane Strain or Plane Stress Problems
2.4 Stress Intensity Factor
2.4.1 K and Global Behavior
2.4.2 Flaw Shape
2.4.3 Multiplicity of Geometry Factor, Y
2.4.4 Stress Intensity vs. Stress Concentration Factor
2.5 Finite Size Correction
2.6 Superposition
Problems
Fundamentals of Linear Elasic Fracture Mechanics: Intermediate
Objectives
2.7 Fracture Toughness
Fracture Mechanics Approach
2.8 The Singularity Zone and the Plastic Zone
2.9 Effective Fracture Toughness
2.9.1 Criteria for LEFM Validity
2.10 Fracture Toughness and Other Properties
2.10.1 Fracture Toughness and Strength
2.10.2 Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature
2.10.3 Fracture Toughness vs. Strain Rate
2.11 Industry Applications
2.11.1 Hydraulic Proof Test to Determine K Ic
2.11.2 Fracture Toughness vs. Tensile Strength
2.12 Review and Material Assumptions
Problems
References
Chapter 3: Energy Approaches
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Griffith’s Theory
3.3 Driving Force and Resistance to Crack Growth
3.4 R-Curve Behavior
3.5 Strain Energy Density
3.6 The J-Integral
3.7 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)
3.8 Applications
Problems
References
Chapter 4: Applications
4.1 Fatigue Failures
4.1.1 Fatigue Fundamentals
4.1.1.1 S-N Curves
4.1.1.2 Fatigue Fracture Surface
4.1.2 Industry Applications
4.1.2.1 Case Study 1: XFEM Simulation of Fatigue Crack Growth in a Welded Joint of a Pressure Vessel With a Reinforcement Ring Weldment [ 4 ]
4.1.2.2 Case Study 2: Effect of Additional Holes on the Transient Thermal Fatigue Life of a Gas Turbine Casing [ 5 ]
4.2 Failure Assessment Diagrams
4.3 Applications in Failure Analysis
4.3.1 Fundamentals of Failure Analysis
4.3.1.1 Tensile Overload
4.3.1.2 Torsion Overload
4.3.1.3 Bending Overload
4.3.2 Industry Applications
4.3.2.1 Case Study 3: Failure of a 40-inch Diameter Crude Oil Pipeline [ 12 ]
4.3.2.2 Case Study 4: Failure Study of The Railway Rail Serviced for Heavy Cargo Trains [ 13 ]
4.4 Non-Destructive Testing
4.4.1 Ultrasonic Testing
4.4.2 Eddy Current Testing
4.4.3 Magnetic Flux Leakage
4.4.4 Radiographic Testing
4.4.5 Liquid Penetrant Testing
Problems
References
Chapter 5: Further Fracture Mechanics Applications
Objectives
5.1 Design Approaches to Prevent Failure
5.1.1 Safe-Life
5.1.2 Fail-Safe Approach
5.1.3 Fail Safe vs. Safe Life
5.2 Damage Tolerance Analysis
5.2.1 Safety Assurance Slow Crack Growth vs. Fail Safe
5.2.2 Residual Strength Curve
Solution
5.2.3 Inspectability
5.2.4 Crack Growth Retardation
5.2.5 The Wheeler Retardation Model
5.2.6 Initial Steps in the Damage Tolerance Process
Solution
Crack Growth Curve ( a vs. N)
Inspections
5.3 Leak Before Burst (LBB)
5.3.1 Elliptical Crack Growth Behavior
Solution
Solution
5.4 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 6: Experimental Methods
6.1 Measurement of Fracture Toughness
6.1.1 Specimen Type
6.1.2 Specimen Orientation
6.1.3 Measurement Apparatus
6.1.4 Specimen Preparation
6.1.5 K Testing
6.1.6 Interpretation of Results
6.1.7 J Testing
6.1.7.1 The Basic Method
6.1.7.2 Resistance Curve Method
6.1.8 CTOD Testing
6.2 Impact Testing
6.2.1 Charpy and Izod Testing
6.2.2 Interpretation of Results
6.3 Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature Test
6.3.1 Standard Method
6.3.2 Interpretation of Results
6.4 K-R Curve
6.4.1 Standard Methods
6.4.2 Interpretation of Results
Problems
References
Chapter 7: Software Applications for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Objectives
7.1 Crack Growth Software (LEFM Static Applications)
Inputs
Geometric Properties
Factor of Safety
Calculation
Solution
Residual Strength Curve
Solution
Static Load Problems
Objectives
7.2 Software Use in LEFM FCG Analysis
MATLAB
7.3 FCG Specific Software
7.3.1 Material Option
7.3.2 NASGRO Equation
7.3.3 Model
7.3.4 Load Input
7.3.5 Reversing the Loading Sequence
Inputs
Geometric properties
Material selection
Load
Calculation
7.4 Fatigue Analysis with AFGROW
7.4.1 Crack Growth Model and Material Input
7.4.2 The Walker Equation
7.4.3 The Forman Equation
7.4.4 The Harter T-Method
7.4.5 Advanced Inputs
7.4.6 Model Geometry and Load
7.4.7 Load Input
7.4.8 Stress State
7.4.9 Stress Spectrum Input
7.4.10 Calculation
Solution
7.5 Summary
Problems
References
Chapter 8: Finite Element Method Use in Fracture Mechanics
Objectives
8.1 An Introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM)
8.2 FEM for Fracture Mechanics
8.3 Definitions and Terminology
8.3.1 Crack Tip/Line Selection
8.3.2 Crack Extension Direction
8.3.3 Crack Surfaces
8.3.4 Virtual Crack Closure Techniques (VCCT)
8.3.5 Crack Propagation
8.4 FEM and Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG)
8.5 Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)
8.6 Line Integral Calculation
8.7 J-Integral and FEM
8.7.1 Defining Contour Integrals using Conventional FEM vs. XFEM
8.7.2 Residual Stresses and the J-Integral
8.8 Integrals Used in FEM/XFEM for LEFM/EPFM
8.8.1 Line Integral
8.8.2 Domain Integral
8.8.3 Green’s Theorem or 2D Divergence Theorem Review
8.8.4 Divergence Theorem Review
8.8.5 Interaction Integral
8.9 Other Considerations
8.9.1 T - Stress
8.9.2 Controlling the Singularity at the Crack Tip
8.9.3 Symmetry
8.10 FEM Example Using XFEM
8.11 Summary
Questions and Problems
Note
References
Appendix A
A.1 Mechanics of Materials Review
A.2 Stress Transformation, Principal Stress, Strain
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index
