Modern Applications of Lanthanide Luminescence

Aims and Scope
Preface
Contents
Lanthanide Emission for Solar Spectral Converters: An Energy Transfer Viewpoint
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Design of LSCs and DSLs
2.1 Ligand-to-Ln Energy Transfer
2.2 Lanthanide Emissions
2.3 Emission Quantum Yields
3 Luminescent Solar Concentrators and Downshifting Layers
3.1 Performance Quantification
3.2 Lanthanide-Based Complexes for LSCs
3.3 Lanthanide-Based Complexes for Luminescent DSLs
3.4 Lanthanide-Based Complex for Simultaneous LSC and DSL
3.5 Theoretical Modeling of the Illustrative Example of [Eu(tta)3ephen]
4 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Analyte-Responsive Luminescent Dyes Based on Trivalent Lanthanide Coordination Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Strategies for Creating Responsive Probes
3 Recent Examples of Responsive Probes
3.1 Cation Sensing
3.2 Anion Sensing
3.3 Sensing Neutral Molecules
3.4 Reactivity-Based Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species
3.5 Enzyme Detection
3.6 Measuring Physical Properties Using Responsive Ln(III)-Based Probes
3.6.1 Temperature Detection
3.6.2 Measuring Solvent Polarity and Viscosity
References
Divalent Lanthanide Luminescence in Solution
1 Introduction
1.1 4f-5d Transitions
1.2 Nonradiative Deactivation
1.3 Solid-State Doping
2 Complexes of Divalent Europium
2.1 Divalent Europium Salts
2.2 Macrocyclic Complexes of Divalent Europium
2.3 Sandwich Complexes of Divalent Europium
2.4 Other Complexes of Divalent Europium
3 Complexes of Divalent Ytterbium
4 Complexes of Divalent Samarium and Other Divalent Lanthanides
5 Summary
References
Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles in Biological Imaging and Bioassays
1 Introduction
2 Lanthanides in Nanoparticles: The Optimal Choice for Improved Results
2.1 Photoluminescent Nanoparticles
2.2 Upconverting Nanoparticles
2.3 Radioluminescence and Persistent Luminescence Imaging
2.4 FRET-Based Nanoprobes
3 Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution of Nanoprobes
4 Improvements in Biological Imaging and Bioassay with Lanthanide-Doped Nanoprobes
4.1 Improving Sensitivity for Biological Imaging
4.1.1 Coupling MRI with OI
4.2 Improved Contrast with Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Computed Tomography in Multi-Modal Imaging
4.3 Improving Resolution: Luminescent Nanoprobes in Nanoscopy
5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Visible Emitting Lanthanide Ions in Bioimaging
1 Introduction
2 The Lanthanide Elements and Their Complexes
3 Luminescence Considerations
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Ligand-Centered and Metal-Centered Luminescence
3.3 Emission Spectra of Different Lanthanides
3.4 How to Report Photophysical Properties of a Lanthanide Complex
3.5 Quantum Yield
3.6 Lifetimes Decays and Hydration Numbers
3.7 Choosing the Right Solvent
4 A Study Case
4.1 Stability of the Complex
4.2 Ligand-Centered Luminescence
4.3 Lanthanide-Centered Photophysical Properties
4.4 Effect of the Concentration and pH
5 Designing an Efficient Luminescent Lanthanide Complex, Acting as a Bioprobe
5.1 From a Physicochemical Point of View
5.2 From a Photophysical Point of View
5.3 From a Biological Point of View
5.4 Examples of Luminescent Bioprobe Emitting in the Visible Range
5.5 Other Examples of Cellular Optical Probes
6 Examples of Lanthanide Edifices Used in Various Bio Applications
6.1 Targeting and Sensoring Bioanalytes
6.2 Bioconjugation and Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF)
6.3 Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET)
6.4 Encapsulation, Platforms and Dual Activities
6.5 Multiplex Assays
6.6 NIR Emission Imaging
6.7 Multiphoton Excitation
7 Conclusion
References
NIR Emission from Lanthanides in Bioimaging
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Lanthanide Luminescence
1.3 Mechanisms of Indirect Excitation/Sensitization
2 Discrete Molecular Systems
2.1 Common Ligand Modifications to Minimize Vibrational Quenching
2.2 Macrocyclic Chelates with Sensitizing Antennae
2.3 Porphyrin-Based Ligand Systems
2.4 Metallacrown Based, Discrete Ligand Scaffolds
3 Nanomaterial-Based Systems
3.1 Synthesis Considerations
3.2 Antenna-Mediated Excitation of Nanomaterials
3.3 Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Lanthanide-Based Materials for Electroluminescence
1 General
2 Recent Lanthanide Complexes for EL Devices
3 Recent Luminescent Copolymers Attached to Lanthanide Complexes for EL Devices
4 Lanthanide Coordination Polymers for EL Devices
5 New EL Display and Lighting Systems Using Lanthanide Complexes
6 Perspectives for Electroluminescence of Lanthanide Coordination Compounds
References
Circularly Polarized Emission of Lanthanide Ion Complexes
1 Introduction
1.1 Definitions
2 Basics of Lanthanide Complexes CPL
2.1 Origin of the CPL Activity
2.2 Richardson´s Classification
2.3 Phenomenological Aspects of Ln3+ CPL
3 Design of CPL-Active Lanthanide Complexes
3.1 β-Diketonates
3.2 Podands and Macrocycles
3.3 Cryptands
3.3.1 N-Heteroaryl Ligands
4 Applications
4.1 Circularly Polarized Organic Light Emitting Diodes
4.2 Chemical Sensing
4.2.1 Amino Acid Sensing
4.2.2 Anion Sensing
4.2.3 Proteins Sensing
5 Conclusions
References
Luminescence as a Tool for the Detection of Uranyl(VI) in Biogeochemical Scenarios: Direct and Indirect Sensors
1 Introduction
2 Uranium Chemistry
2.1 Bonding and Geometry in the Uranyl(VI) Unit
2.2 Uranyl(VI) Aqueous Speciation and Coordination Chemistry
3 Uranyl(VI) Photophysics
3.1 Principles of Photoluminescence
3.2 Uranyl(VI) Luminescence
3.3 Absorption and Emission Spectra
3.4 Lifetimes and Quenching
3.5 Uranyl(VI) Lifetimes
4 Detection and Fingerprinting with Uranyl(VI) Luminescence
5 Indirect Optical Sensors for the Detection of Uranyl(VI)
5.1 Colorimetric
5.2 Fluorescent
5.3 Other Sensors
5.4 Summary
6 Conclusions
References