This book examines the current status of mHealth development, regulations and the social background in Japan, South Korea and China, comparing it to the situation in the United States and the European Union and consider solutions to issues surrounding mHealth.
The recent progress in mobile technology, represented by smartphones and smart watches, has been remarkable. A service called mobile health (mHealth), which uses such mobile technology to manage health, is also becoming a reality. Although the accuracy of medical devices is not as accurate as those used in medicine, the biometric information such as heart rate and SpO2 can already be monitored over a long period of time. Although the technology is maturing to the point where it can be implemented in society, it remains an unapproved service of medical care in most countries. The development and social implementation of mHealth is most active in the US, but social implementation is gradually progressing in other countries as well. In this book, we will first discuss what kind of global and harmonized regulations are desirable by comparing the regulatory reforms necessary for social implementation of mHealth. In addition, mHealth raises privacy concerns in the US because the usual behavior and biometric information of subjects is utilized by private companies. In addition, it is important to note that the behavior and biometric information of subjects collected by smart devices is automatically analyzed by AI technology, mainly machine learning, which makes the analysis a black box.
Author(s): Kota Kodama, Shintaro Sengoku
Series: Future of Business and Finance)
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 283
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Global Scale Comparison of mHealth Regulation
1 Introduction of the Concept of AI in the Field of mHealth While Discovering the Trends in the mHealth Research Field
1 Introduction
2 Definition of AI Handled in this Book
3 Literature Review
4 Methods
4.1 Bibliometric Analysis
4.2 Data Collection
4.3 Data Analysis
5 Results
5.1 Number of Publications in the mHealth Field
5.2 Number of Publications in Countries and Regions
5.3 Partnering Networks of Countries and Regions
5.4 Top Journals in the mHealth Field
5.5 Top Keywords and Networks of mHealth Publications
5.6 Chronological Trends of mHealth Publication in Countries and Regions
6 Discussion
7 Conclusion
References
2 Relationship of Innovation and Regulation on mHealth
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of Mobile Health Development
1.2 Innovation in mHealth
1.3 The Objective of This Research
1.4 Theoretical Framework
2 Methods
2.1 Research on Regulations
3 Results
3.1 Regulatory Transition in the USA
4 Discussion
4.1 Interactive Regulator
4.2 Medical Entrepreneur
4.3 Current Challenges and Future Perspective
5 Limitations
6 Conclusion
References
3 The Current Situation of Mobile Health in China from the Perspective of Policy, Application, User Acceptance: A Multi-Method Systematic Analysis
1 Introduction
1.1 The Burden of Disease and the Current State of Health care in China
1.2 Healthcare Reform in China
1.3 Mobile Health
1.4 Objective
2 Method
2.1 Data Collection
2.2 Data Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Summary Analysis of China's mHealth Policies
3.2 Current Status of Mobile Health Applications in China
3.3 The User Acceptance of Mobile Health in China
4 Discussion
4.1 Policy Support and National Conditions
4.2 Factors that Affect the Use of Mobile Health Technology
4.3 Policy Recommendations
5 Limitations
6 Conclusion
References
4 Digital Healthcare Development and mHealth in South Korea
1 Introduction
2 Healthcare Industry for the Aging Population in South Korea
3 Healthcare-Related Policies in the US and European Union (EU)
3.1 US Policy
3.2 EU Policy
4 Digital Healthcare Policy and Development in South Korea
4.1 EMR as the Foundation of Healthcare—Introduction of EMR in South Korea
4.2 Healthcare-Related Policies in South Korea
5 mHealth in South Korea
6 Status of mHealth Business in South Korea
6.1 mHealth through Public–Private Partnership (PPP)
7 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Health Centers
7.1 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Health Centers for High-risk Individuals
7.2 Mobile Healthcare Services Provided by Public Health Centers for Older Adults
7.3 Mobile Healthcare Services Provided by Public Health Centers for Youth
8 COVID-19 and mHealth in South Korea
8.1 Immigration Management
8.2 Self-Quarantine Monitoring Application
8.3 Management of COVID-19-Positive Individuals
9 The South Korea Government-Driven mHealth Model
10 Conclusions
References
5 Regulations and the Status of Social Implementation of Services on mHealth in Japan
1 Introduction
2 Types of Existing mHealth Applications and Examples
2.1 Behavior Change Communication
2.2 Information Systems/Data Collection
2.3 Logistics/Supply Management
2.4 Service Delivery
2.5 Financial Transactions and Incentives
2.6 Workforce Development and Support at Healthcare Facilities
3 Healthcare System of Japan
3.1 Overview of the Japanese Healthcare System
3.2 The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law
3.3 Status of the Consideration of Medical Insurance System Reform in Japan
4 Status of mHealth Development and Approval as Medical Devices in Japan
4.1 Current Regulatory Framework
4.2 Regulatory Approvals of Stand-Alone Programs as Regulated Medical Devices
5 Political and Social Initiatives for Health Promotion in Japan
6 Examples of mHealth Used for Health Promotion in Japan
6.1 Overview of Health Promotion Apps
6.2 Example of Broader Use of Health Promotion mHealth—Combination with Life Insurance
7 Responses of Japanese Pharmaceutical Companies to mHealth
7.1 Better Control on Medication: Sensors Embedded in Tablets (Medication Control) Connected to Smartphones
7.2 Development of mHealth Business as a Treatment Option Complementing Treatments by Chemical Drugs
7.3 mHealth Use in Clinical Trials and Clinical Research in the Area of Commercial Interest from Pharmaceutical Business’s Perspective
7.4 mHealth as Part of Comprehensive Healthcare Services Proposed by Pharmaceutical Companies in the Fields Where Companies Have Been Providing Pharmaceutical
7.5 Investigation of the Presence or Absence of a Shift of Interest from Pharmaceuticals to Medical Devices Among Major Japanese Pharmaceutical Companies
8 Status of Readiness to Utilize Public Healthcare Big Data
9 The State of Japanese Startups in the mHealth Industry
10 Conclusion
References
6 Precision Public Health and the Role of mHealth: The Use of Smartphone Applications Worldwide in Mitigating the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Integration as Components of Public Health Policies. A Focus on the French Example
1 Public Health, Individual Health, One Health, and Precision Public Health
1.1 Individual Health and the Health of Populations
1.2 The Articulation Between Individual and Population Level
1.3 Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Health: Individual, Environmental, and Social Determinants of Health
1.4 The Concept of Precision Public Health Versus that of P4 Medicine
1.5 The Specific Place of Communicable Diseases—An Archetype for Reasoning and Decision-Making and Evolution Toward the One Health Model
2 Guarantee the Conditions of Individual Health and the Health of Populations
2.1 Public Policies of Health or Policies of Public Health?
2.2 Society of Insurance, Risk-Based Society, and Sanitization of Society
2.3 Places of Industry, the Private Sector, and the Concept of Innovation in Health Policies
3 Example of the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.1 Historical and General Context
3.2 Beginning and Development of the Pandemic
3.3 First Public Health Measures Taken
4 How Were the Information and Decision-Making Systems in Place Before the Pandemic, in Terms of Decision Support?
4.1 The Count of Deaths, Identification of the Medical Causes of Death, and the Associated Determinants
5 States of Emergency: The Parallel Between the Existing and Ad Hoc Information Systems, and Usual and Ad Hoc Policy Measures
6 Contact Tracing Applications and Policy Measures for Pandemic Control
6.1 A Call for the Use of Smartphones from Several Countries and Several Communities
6.2 Use of Smartphones and Network Data—Mobility Data
6.3 Use of Smartphones for Personal Information
6.4 Using Smartphones for Contact Tracing
7 What Political Measures Have Been Deployed? A Typology
7.1 Closure of Certain Stores/Public Places
7.2 Closure of Schools
7.3 Isolation, Quarantine, and Confinement
7.4 Regional, National, and International Travel Restrictions
7.5 The Tools Used for These Measures, the Use of Technology
8 A Panorama of Applications in Several Countries
8.1 Main Initial Intended Uses of the Applications
8.2 Main Characteristics of These Applications Depending on the Country
8.3 Changes in the Use of Applications Over Time
9 Contact Tracing Applications Seen as Innovations in Health, the Case of France
9.1 Precision Applications and Public Health—A Synchronous Prototype on a Global Scale?
9.2 Public or Private?
9.3 What Regulations Have the Applications Had to Comply with?
9.4 Evaluate a Priori the Actual Benefit of the Applications
9.5 Necessary Coverage, Equipment Rate of Target Populations
9.6 Determinants of Intent to Use Applications
9.7 Determinants of Application Use
9.8 State of Exception, Exception Status for Applications?
9.9 Innovation, Precision Public Health, and Societies
9.10 A First Attempt that May Cause Concern: Innovate with Old Things, and Ignoring Known Good Practices
9.11 Different Political Regimes, But Few Differences in the Use of Applications?
9.12 Applications as an Example of the Use of Technology as a Neutral, Non-Scientific Mediator of Biopolitical Actions
References
7 Summary of the First Half and the Possibilities and Problems Related to mHealth in the Later Chapters
1 Summary of the First Half Chapter of the Book
1.1 Challenges and Possibilities Faced by Implementation of mHealth
1.2 International Trends and Development of mHealth Research
1.3 Healthcare Entrepreneurship with the Development of Policy and Regulations
1.4 mHealth Research Trends and Policy Regulations in China
1.5 mHealth Trends and Advancements in Korea from the Perspectives of Policy and Regulations
1.6 Trends and Development of mHealth in Japan
1.7 Connection Between Public Health and mHealth During the Pandemic in France
2 Coordinating the Challenges and Solutions for the Development of mHealth Implementation Worldwide
3 Possibilities of the Development and Future Perspectives in mHealth
3.1 Possibility and Developments of Labor Management with the Implementation of mHealth
3.2 Expansion of Value Distribution Range with mHealth from the Entertainment Perspective
3.3 MHealth Development of the Perspectives from Preventive Medicine
4 Implication of the Book
References
Discussion of mHealth Development with Case Studies
8 mHealth as a Component of Next-Generation Health Care
1 Relationship Between Future Social Issues and Mobile Health (mHealth)
2 Societal Conditions for the Use of Medical/health Big Data
2.1 Societal Conditions and Prospects of Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
2.2 Prospects of Personal Health Records (PHRs)
2.3 Future Use of EHR/PHR and mHealth
3 Established Wearable Devices (in Market) and Their Reliability
3.1 Research Trends of Wearable Devices in Health Care
3.2 Example of Physically Flexible Wearable Devices
3.3 Future of Wearable Devices as mHealth Components
4 Prospects of Using Virtual Reality (VR)
5 Prospects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
5.1 Use of AI/ML as Technological Components
5.2 Use of AI/ML in Regulated Circumstances
6 Consideration on Medical Intervention from a Distance
6.1 Effect of New Infectious Diseases on Medical Intervention from a Distance or Control of Epidemic
6.2 Prospects of the Control of Mental Diseases from a Distance
7 Trends of mHealth Providers as Regulated Medical Devices—Example in the US
8 Early Detection of Diseases from the Data-Science Aspect
8.1 Prospects of Early Detection of Seizures
8.2 Early Detection of COVID-19
8.3 Early Detection of Other Infectious Diseases
8.4 Future Prospects of Early Detection
9 Consideration of Unmet Medical Needs and Cost-Effectiveness of mHealth
10 Conclusion
References
9 mHealth’s Potential for Measuring Work Attitudes in Psychological and Physical Factors
1 Introduction
1.1 Workplace Health Environment After a Pandemic
1.2 Background of Mobile Health Measurement
1.3 Heart Rate Measurement and Measurement Methods
1.4 Construction Environment for Workers
1.5 Objective of This Research
2 Measurement Methods Using Mobile Tools
2.1 Devices and Systems Used for the Measurements
2.2 Participating Workers
2.3 Measurement Parameters
2.4 Study Protocol
2.5 Data Acquisition
2.6 Risk Model and Validity of Variables
3 Results of Worker Measurements Measured by the mHealth Device
3.1 Characteristics of the Measured Participants
3.2 Logistic Regression Model for Workers’ Health Risk
4 Discussion
4.1 Construction Workers’ Health Risk
4.2 Future Prospects for Understanding Construction Workers and mHealth
5 Limitations
6 Conclusion
References
10 mHealth Beyond Healthcare-Fusion Approach Towards Better Wellness-
1 The Use of mHealth in the Medical Healthcare Sector
1.1 mHealth for Disease Care
1.2 mHealth for Non-Medical Healthcare
1.3 mHealth for Wellness
2 mHealth Beyond Medicine: Pokémon GO as a Case of Entertainment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Key Characteristics
3 Discussion and Future Outlook
3.1 Innovation Process
3.2 Modes of Innovation
3.3 Innovation Dynamics
4 Concluding Remarks
References
11 Mobile Health for Preventive Healthcare
1 Introduction
2 Preventive Healthcare
3 Health Literacy
4 Self-Monitoring Device for Self-Management
5 Development of Communication Tools for Healthcare Support
5.1 The Evidence of mHealth for Preventive Healthcare
5.2 Diabetes and Obesity
5.3 Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
6 Presenteeism as a Candidate of New Parameter for mHealth
7 Conclusion and Subsequent Steps
References
12 Overall Summary
1 The Future of Digital Healthcare Systems
1.1 Medical Digital Data and Its Handling
2 Digital Innovation Platform for Mobile Health
2.1 Optimising the Cost–benefit Balance in Regulatory Compliance
2.2 Innovation Path to Foster Innovative Technologies
2.3 Exclusive Reach to Specific Needs
2.4 Establishing Platform Leadership
3 Limitations and Future Perspectives
References
