This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the second International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments, MELT, held in Orlando, Florida, USA, in September 2009 in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2009). MELT is a forum for the state-of-the-art technologies in mobile localization and tracking and novel applications of location-based services. The research contributions in these proceedings cover significant aspects of localization and tracking of mobile devices that include techniques suitable for smart phones and mobile sensor networks in both outdoor and indoor environments using diverse sensors and radio signals. Novel theoretical methods, algorithmic design and analysis, application development, and experimental studies are presented in 14 papers that were reviewed carefully by the program committee. In addition, three invited papers, with topics on location determination using RF systems, Cramer-Rao-Bound analysis for indoor localization and approaches targeting mobile sensor networks, are also included in the proceedings.
Author(s): Richard Fuller, Xenofon D. Koutsoukos
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 267
front-matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 8
2D GALE Algorithm with Three TOA Measurements......Page 11
Proposed MGALE Algorithm for 2D Location Estimation......Page 12
Determining the Subset of Overlap Region among the Range Circles Where the MS Should Be Located......Page 13
Relationship between NLOS Error and BS-MS Range......Page 16
Formulation of MGALE Scheme for Estimating the Position of the MS......Page 17
Overview of MGALE Algorithm......Page 20
Performance Evaluations......Page 21
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 23
Introduction......Page 26
Related Work......Page 27
Experimental Data......Page 29
Individual Hard Decision Methods......Page 31
Aggregated Soft Decision Methods......Page 33
Algorithm Complexity......Page 34
Individual Hard Decision Methods......Page 35
Aggregated Soft Decision Methods......Page 36
Conclusions......Page 38
Introduction......Page 41
Related Work......Page 42
Assumptions......Page 43
Defining Significance......Page 44
Naive Clustering Algorithm......Page 45
An Example......Page 46
Handling Missing Data......Page 47
Distribution of Cell IDs......Page 50
Significant Places -- Overall......Page 51
Significant Places -- Daily Statistics......Page 54
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 55
Introduction......Page 57
The Mobile Devices......Page 58
The Mobile Device Sensors......Page 59
Sequential Non-linear Bayesian Filtering......Page 61
Fusion Flow......Page 63
Motion Model......Page 64
Experiment and Result......Page 66
Results......Page 67
Conclusion......Page 70
Further Work......Page 71
Introduction......Page 73
Problem Formulation......Page 74
Profiling......Page 75
Associating PDF Families to Locations......Page 76
Binary Composite Hypothesis Testing......Page 77
Multiple Composite Hypothesis Testing......Page 79
Testing PDF Interpolations......Page 80
Testing the Complete System......Page 82
Conclusion......Page 84
Introduction......Page 86
Related Work......Page 88
Signal Strength Differences......Page 89
Extended Localization Methods......Page 91
System Setup......Page 93
Performance Evaluation......Page 94
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Related Work......Page 99
System Framework......Page 101
RSSI Data Acquisition......Page 102
Adapting User RSSI Vector for Temporal Radio Maps......Page 103
Maximum and Minimum Search Methods......Page 104
Improving Location Search Results Based on Received Acceleration Values......Page 107
Test Results......Page 109
Conclusions and Future Work......Page 111
References......Page 112
Introduction......Page 113
System Setup......Page 114
Available Information......Page 115
Vehicle Localization Algorithm......Page 116
Simulation Results......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 121
Introduction......Page 122
Problem Formulation......Page 123
Estimation of Angular Separation......Page 125
Frequency Estimation Using Resource-Constrained Hardware......Page 127
Implementation Benchmarking......Page 129
Experimental Setup......Page 130
Discussion......Page 131
Conclusion......Page 132
Introduction and Motivation......Page 135
Localization with Mobile Infrastructure......Page 136
Leapfrog with Error Control......Page 140
Error Estimation for the Leapfrog Procedure......Page 141
Performance Metrics......Page 144
Simulation Results......Page 146
Real Experiments......Page 151
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 153
Introduction......Page 155
Footstep Signature and Gait Pattern......Page 158
Footstep Source Localization......Page 160
Variation of Gait Pattern......Page 164
Conclusions and Further Studies......Page 167
Acknowledgment.......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
Related Work on Motion Sensing......Page 171
Temporal and Spectral Characterisation of Received Signal Strength (RSSI)......Page 172
Time Domain Algorithms......Page 176
Frequency Domain Algorithms......Page 177
Threshold Learning......Page 179
Data Collection......Page 180
Results and Discussion......Page 181
Localisation......Page 183
Data Collection......Page 185
Results and Discussion......Page 186
Conclusions......Page 188
Introduction......Page 190
Related Work......Page 191
Naive Bayes Classifier......Page 192
K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)......Page 193
Experiment......Page 195
Experiment Setup and Evaluation......Page 196
Result......Page 197
Granularity of Rooms......Page 198
Number of APs......Page 200
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 202
Introduction......Page 204
Related Work......Page 205
Deployment Site......Page 206
Client Interface......Page 207
Friend-Finding Service......Page 208
Motivation......Page 209
Initial Training......Page 210
System Accuracy......Page 211
System Vulnerabilities......Page 212
User Behavior......Page 213
Training Rates......Page 214
Future Work......Page 217
Conclusion......Page 218
Frequency Bands and Usable RF Spectrum......Page 220
Bandwidth Impact on Received Signals......Page 226
RF Location Types and Classification......Page 227
RF Location by Proximity......Page 228
Radio Direction Finding (DF) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)......Page 231
Doppler......Page 232
Signal Strength......Page 234
Time, Phase and Differential Timing (TOA, POA and TDOA)......Page 237
References......Page 240
Introduction......Page 242
MWSN Architectures......Page 244
Advantages of Adding Mobility......Page 245
Differences between WSNs and MWSNs......Page 246
Coordination Phase......Page 247
Measurement Phase......Page 248
Localization Phase......Page 250
The Effect of Mobility on Localization......Page 252
The Impact of Environment on Localization......Page 253
Commercial......Page 254
Military / Aerospace......Page 255
Conclusion......Page 256
Introduction......Page 262
Models for Link Errors for TOA and RSS......Page 263
CRLB for Cooperative Localization......Page 265
Performance Evaluation Scenario......Page 267
Results and Discussion......Page 268
Conclusions......Page 271
back-matter......Page 274
