Minor Spices and Condiments: Global Economic Potential

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Spices can be classified as major spices, like Black pepper, Cardamom, Turmeric, Ginger etc, and minor spices and condiments, and tree spices. This book will discuss exclusively minor spices and condiments.

Spices constitute a very important group of agricultural products, which, since antiquity, have been considered indispensable in the culinary art of flavoring foods. The history of spices is very much entwined with the history of mankind. And, some spice crops like Black pepper predominates in the family of spices. In fact, colloquially, it is called “King”of spices and, another, Cardamom, is called the “Queen”of spices. There is worthwhile amount of published work, on these in addition to Turmeric and Ginger.

Both ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ISI (Indian Standards Institution) (now BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)) experts concluded, after considerable deliberations, that there is no clear-cut division between “spices” and “çondiments”, and, as such, they have been clubbed together. The term “Spices and Condiments” applies to such natural plant or vegetable products or mixtures, thereof, used in whole or ground form, mainly for imparting flavor, aroma and piquancy to foods and also for seasoning of foods and beverages like soups etc.

A detailed survey of published literature proves that there are a number of minor spices, which have tremendous commercial potential, globally. And, an authentic book on these will not only serve as an important guide to the academic community, but, also provide a fillip to industry involved in value addition.

Author(s): Kodoth Prabhakaran Nair
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 246
City: Cham

Acknowledgements
Contents
Introduction
References
Onion and Garlic -Bulbous Spices
Onion
Varieties
New Varieties
Crop Management Practices
Soil Preparation
Crop Rotation
Propagation
Transplanting
Direct Bulb Planting for Green Onions as Salad
Direct Planting Method
Irrigation
Interculture, Weeding and Rogueing
Nutrition
Harvest
Yield
Seed Production
Isolation Distances
Crop Protection
Diseases
Marketing
Storage
Cold Storage
Irradiation
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Storage Behavior
Curing
Neck Cutting
Sorting and Grading
Packaging
Effect of Packing Material on Quality
Composition (Table 2)
Reference
Garlic
Crop Management
Marketing
Curing, Packaging and Storing
Composition
Uses of Garlic
Garlic as an Insecticide
Garlic in Medicine
References
Leek/Stone Leek/Welsh Onion
Crop Management
Reference
Ajowan or Bishop’s Weed
Crop Management
Cultural Practices
Rainfed Cultivation
Post-Harvest Technology (Table 1)
Processed Products
Essential Oil
Medical Use
References
Celery Seed
Economic Importance and International Trade
Area and Production
Crop Management
Land Preparation
Sowing Method
Fertilizers
Irrigation
Plant Protection
Tissue Culture
Threshing and Harvesting
Post Harvest Technology
Adulteration in Celery Seed
Grading
Packaging and Storage
Processed Products
Seed-Based Processed Products
Types of Essential Oils from Celery
Celery Seed Oleoresin
Processed Products from Celery Leaves and Stalks
Celery Stalk Products
How to Handle and Store Celery Seed Ad Its by Products?
Uses
Reference
Coriander
Description and Distribution
Origin and Brief History
Commercial Production
Botanical Description
Economic Importance and International Trade
Plant Protection Measures
Controlling Insect Pests
Additional Plant Protection Measures to Control Diseases and Pests
Harvesting and Threshing
Packaging and Storage
Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Coriander Seeds
Processed Products
Coriander Dal – An Improved CFTRI Product
Seasoning from Coriander Roots
Uses of Coriander
References
Cumin Seed or Safaid Jeera
Description and Distribution
Brief History and Distribution
Area and Production
Crop Management
Cultivars
Sowing Time
Commercial Quality
Cumin Powder
Volatile Oil
New Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE) Process for Volatile Oil
Uses
References
Fenugreek
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Export
Crop Management
Climate and Soil
Manuring
Propagation
Seed Rate
Irrigation and Interculture
Tissue Culture
Plant Protection
Post-harvest Technology
Marketing
Grades and Specifications
Processed Products
Oleoresin
Uses
References
Mustard
Origin and Historical Background
Yellow or White Mustard
Brown and Oriental Mustard Seed
Black Mustad Seeds
The Uniqueness of Yellow Mustard
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Export
Crop Management
Plant Protection
Post-harvest Technology
Quality Evaluation
Brown Mustard(Brassica juncea)
Quality Standards
Processed Products
Mayonnaise
Dried/Dehydrated Mustard Greens (Leaves)
Mustard for Industrial Buyer
Uses
Cassia and Cinnamon
Nomenclature
Species of Cinnamon Grown in India
Description and Distribution
Crop management/Propagation
Uses
Tejpat or “Tamal Patra” or Indian Cassia lignea
Description and Distribution
Crop Management
Harvesting and Collection of Tamala Leaves
Preparation for Marketing
Uses
Physico-chemical Specifications of Cassia Types
Packing
References
Cinnamon or True Cinnamon
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Export
World Trade in Cinnamon
Global Market Outlook
Crop Management
Transplanting of Cinnamon into Polythene Bags
Propagation of Cinnamon by Cuttings
Transplanting Seedlings
Manuring and Intercultivation
Weeding
Pruning/Cropping
Variability Studies
Plant Protection
Harvesting
Post Harvest technology:
Preparation and Cutting of Bark Spice for Marketing:
Cutting and Peeling
Preparation of Quils
Drying of Quils
Bark Anatomy
Utilization of Leaves and Twigs
Economics of Cultivation
Grading
Type Seychelles
Type Madagascar
Packaging of Different Commercial Classes of Cinnamon Bark and Powder:
Whole cinnamon:
Cinnamon powder:
Packing of Cinnamon and Cassia and their products:
Storage of Cinnamon and Fumigation
Transport of Cinnamon
Processed Products
Cinnamon Bark Oil
Cinnamon Leaf Oil
Seasonal Variation in Oil Recovery
Physio-Chemical/Quality Specifications for Cinnamon Leaf Oil
Physical Specifications
Cinnamon and Cassia Oleoresins
Other Products
Packaging and Storage
Uses
Stem Bark Oil
Fungitoxic Properties of Cinnamon Bark Oil
Cinnamon Leaf Oil
Root Bark Oil
Seed Oil
Cinnamon Buds
Cinnamon Wood
References
Clove
Description, Distribution, and Economic Importance
Area, Production and Export/Import
What Are the Constraints of Clove Production in India?
Crop Management
Varieties
Propagation
Factors Affecting Germination
Raising Nursery
Transfer of Seedlings to Bamboo Baskets/Mud Pots/Polythene Bags
Transplanting in the Main Field
Propagation by Grafting
Mixed Cropping
Weeding
Support
Manuring
Interculture/Thinning
Soil and Moisture Conservation Work
Water Management
Harvesting and Curing
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Animals
Plant Diseases
Nursery Pests and Diseases
Yield
Economics of Cultivation
Constraints in Clove Cultivation
Post Harvest Technology
Preparation of Clove for the Market
Grading
Grading of Whole Cloves
Physico-Chemical Quality Requirements/Specifications
Ground (Powdered) Cloves
Packing of Whole and Ground Cloves
Storage
Transport
Defective Cloves
Composition
Adulteration
Quality Standards
Packing of Cloves
Packaging of Clove Oil
Packaging of Clove Oleoresin
Processed Products
Clove Bud Oil
Clove Stem Oil
Clove Leaf Oil
Oil of Mother Cloves
Clove Root Oil
Uses
References
Mace and Nutmeg
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Exports/Imports
Crop Management
Propagation by Nursery
Standardization of Seed Propagation Technique for Nutmeg: Advancements
Transplanting of Seedlings in the Field
Manuring
Mulching
Interculture/Weeding
Plant Protection
Diseases
Constraints in Nutmeg Cultivation
Harvesting and Curing
Yield
Economics of Cultivation
Post Harvest Technology
Packaging of Mace and Nutmeg
Grading
Nutmeg
Processed Products
Mace Products
Nutmeg Butter
Uses
Nutmeg
Mace
References
Allspice or Pimenta or Pimento
Description and Distribution
Distribution
Crop Management
Propagation
Propagation by Seed/Nursery Seedlings
Viability of Allspice Seedlings
Propagation by Budding
Propagation by “Approach Grafting”
Top Working
Rooting in Allspice by Air Layering
Transplanting of Seedings
Weeding/After Care and Fertilizer Schedule
Successful Fruiting in Allspice
Harvesting and Yield
Major Types of Allspice (Pimento)
Plant Protection
Diseases
Insect Pests
Post Harvest Technology
Grades/Types
International Organization for Standardization
Storage of Pimento
Transport of Pimento
Packaging and Storage
Processed Products
Pimenta Berry Oil
Pimenta Leaf Oil
Pimenta Oleroresin
As Food Flavorant
Use in Medicine
Berry Oil
Leaves
Pimenta Bark and Wood
References
Curry Leaf
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Exports
Crop Management
Curry Leaf Cultivation in Homelands of Southern Kerala, India
Raising Nursery
Manuring
Harvesting
Weeding
Prophylactic Measures
Cost of Cultivation
Plant Protection
Diseases
Post Harvest Technology
Processed Products
Volatile Oil
Dehydrated Curry Leaves
References
Tamarind
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Exports
Crop Management
Soil and Climate
Varieties
Propagation
Patch Budding for Quicker Multiplication on Large Scale
Growth/Development of Seedlings
Irrigation
Manuring
After Cultivation
Disease Control
Insect Pests
Nematodes
Harvesting
Yield
Post Harvest Technology
Preparation for the Market
Composition
Tamarind Pulp
Tamarind Concentrate
Tamarind Powder
Grading
Processed Products
Uses
References
Asafoetida or Asafetida
Description and Distribution
Area, Production and Trade
Method of Gum-Resin Collection
Crop Management
Composition
Adulteration
Processed Products
Compounded Asafoetida Powder and Tablets: A Simple CFTRI Process
Details of CFTRI Process
Raw Materials Needed for 200 kg Batch
Uses
Some Important Concluding Observations
References
Vanilla
Description and Distribution
Commercial Forms of Vanilla
Area, Production and Trade
Varieties
Future Prospects
Major Constraints in Natural Vanilla Production
A definite Future for Natural Vanilla
Crop Management
Manuring
After-Care
Flowering and Natural Pollination
Hand Pollination
Pod Development
Tissue Culture for Vanilla Production
Yield
Plant Protection
Diseases
Pests
Post-harvest Technology
Natural Mechanism of Flavor (Vanillin) Generation During Curing
Enzymic Generation of Vanillin
Yield of Cured Beans
Mechanized Method of Curing and Modification of the Vanilla Preparation Method:
Vanilla Bean Packing and Storage
Vanilla Pods
Cut Vanilla
Vanilla in Bulk
Vanilla for Retail Trade
Quality Attributes of Vanilla
Some Precautions
Adulteration
Processed Products
Vanilla Powder, “Vanilla Absolute” and Vanilla Tincture
Uses
As Food Flavorant and in Perfumery
References