Minimally Invasive Techniques in Pediatric Urology: Endourology, Laparoscopy and Robotics

Foreword
Contents
Part I: General
1: Laparoscopic Approach in Pediatric Urology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Preoperative Preparation
1.3 Positioning
1.4 Instrumentation
1.5 Technique
1.5.1 Creation of Pneumoperitoneum
1.5.1.1 Closed Method Using Veress Needle
1.5.1.2 Open Hasson Method
1.5.2 Port Extraction and Emptying of Pneumoperitoneum
1.6 Postoperative Care
1.7 Results
1.8 Discussion
References
2: Retropertioneoscopy Approach in Pediatric Urology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preoperative Preparation
2.3 Positioning
2.4 Instrumentation
2.5 Technique
2.6 Postoperative Care
2.7 Discussion
References
3: Prone Approach in Pediatric Urology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preoperative Preparation
3.3 Positioning
3.4 Instrumentation/Room Layout/Equipment
3.5 Technique
3.5.1 Camera Port
3.5.2 Balloon Blunt Dissection
3.5.3 Working Ports
3.6 Postoperative Care
3.7 Results and Applications
3.8 Discussion
References
4: Robotics in Pediatric Urology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Procedural Evolution
4.3 System and Instrumentation
4.4 Training and Credentialing
4.5 Adoption of Robotic Surgical Practice
4.6 Setting up a Robotic Program
4.7 Application and Future Direction
4.8 Safety Net and Digital Surgery
References
5: Endoscopic Approach for Urinary Tract Pathologies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preoperative Preparation
5.3 Positioning
5.4 Instrumentation
5.5 Technique
5.6 Postoperative Care
5.7 Results
5.8 Discussion
References
6: Devices in Pediatric Endourology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Positioning and Preoperative Preparation
6.3 Instrumentation
6.3.1 Ureteral Access Sheath/Ureteral Dilator
6.3.2 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
6.3.3 Endopyelotomy Balloons
6.3.4 Ureteral Stent
6.3.5 Wires
6.3.6 Baskets
6.4 Technique
6.4.1 Ureteral Access Sheath/Ureteral Dilator
6.4.2 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Ureteral Access Sheath/Ureteral Dilator
6.5.2 Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
6.5.3 Endopyelotomy Balloon
6.6 Discussion
References
7: Instruments for Pediatric MIS Urology (Laparoscopy, Endourology, Robotics)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Endourology Instruments
7.3 Laparoscopic Instruments
7.4 Robotic Instruments
References
8: Energy Sources in Pediatric MIS Urology
8.1 Basics and Biophysics of Electrosurgery
8.2 Electrosurgical Technologies
8.2.1 Monopolar Electrosurgery
8.3 Conventional and Advanced Bipolar Electrosurgery
8.3.1 Conventional Bipolar Electrosurgery
8.4 Advanced Bipolar Electrosurgery
8.5 Ultrasonic Instruments
8.6 Hybrid Technology (Bipolar + Ultrasound)
8.7 Applications in Pediatric Minimally Invasive Urological Surgery
8.8 Discussion
References
9: Endoscopic Suturing in Paediatric MIS Urology
9.1 Techniques of Suturing
9.2 Suture Types
9.3 Knots Types
9.4 Instruments
9.5 Needle Delivery and Extraction
9.6 Handling a Needle
9.6.1 First Step: Needle Grasping
9.6.2 Second Step: Correcting Needle’s Position
9.7 Making a Knot
10: Pediatric Anesthesia in MIS Urology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preoperative Evaluation
10.3 Physiological Effect of Laparoscopy
10.3.1 Respiratory System
10.3.2 Cardiovascular System
10.3.3 Additional Systemic Effects
10.4 Anesthesia Management
10.5 Premedication
10.6 Anesthesia
10.7 Postoperative Pain, Nausea, and Vomiting
10.8 Complications
10.9 Discussion
References
Part II: Kidney
11: Endourologic Retrograde Balloon Dilatation of the Primary Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preoperative Preparation
11.3 Positioning
11.4 Instrumentation
11.5 Technique
11.6 Postoperative Control
11.7 Results
11.8 Discussion
References
12: Robotic Pyeloplasty
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Robotic Pyeloplasty
12.2.1 Patient Positioning and Planning
12.3 Incision and Port Placement
12.4 Robot Positioning
12.5 Procedure Steps
12.5.1 Step 1: Decide upon the Best Approach to the Pelvis
12.5.2 Step 2: Establish the Clinical Problem
12.5.3 Step 3: Incise Ureter and Pelvis
12.5.4 Step 4: Anastomosis
12.5.5 Step 5: Stenting the Ureter
12.5.6 Step 6: Complete the Anastomosis
12.6 Post-Operative Actions
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Laparoscopic Approach for Uretero–Pyelo Junction Obstruction (UPJO)
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Preoperative Preparation
13.2 Technique
13.3 Postoperative Care
13.4 Results
13.5 Discussion
References
14: Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty in Infants and Children
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Preoperative Preparation
14.3 Positioning
14.4 Instrumentation
14.5 Technique
14.6 Postoperative Care
14.7 Results
14.8 Discussion
References
15: Uretero-Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO) Treatment Using: One-Trocar-Assisted Pyeloplasty (OTAP)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Surgical Technique
15.3 Complications and Follow-Up
15.4 Case Series
References
16: Laparoscopic Management of Extrinsic Uretero-Pelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO) by Crossing Vessels
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Preoperative Preparation
16.3 Positioning
16.4 Instrumentation
16.5 Technique
16.6 Postoperative Care
16.7 Results and Personal Experience
16.8 Discussion
References
17: Minimally Invasive Redo-Pyeloplasty
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Preoperative Preparation
17.3 Positioning
17.3.1 For Conventional Laparoscopy
17.3.2 For Robot-Assisted Approach
17.4 Instrumentation for Conventional Laparoscopy
17.5 Instrumentation for Robot-Assisted Approach
17.6 Technical Details of Laparoscopic Redo AHP
17.7 Technical Details of Robot-Assisted Redo AHP
17.8 Postoperative Care
17.9 Discussion
References
18: Nephrectomy: Robotic Approach
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Preoperative Assessment
18.3 Patient Positioning
18.4 Trocars and Instruments
18.5 Technique
18.5.1 Transperitoneal Approach
18.5.2 Retroperitoneal Approach
18.6 Postoperative Care
18.7 Results
18.8 Complications and Management
18.9 Discussion
References
19: Laparoscopic Nephrectomy in Pediatric Patients
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Preoperative Preparation
19.3 Positioning
19.3.1 Patient’s Position
19.3.2 Positioning of Surgeons and Trocars
19.3.3 Pneumoperitoneum
19.4 Instruments
19.4.1 Equipment
19.5 Technique
19.6 Postoperative Care
19.7 Results
19.8 Discussion
References
20: Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephrectomy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Preoperative Preparation
20.3 Positioning
20.4 Initial Access, Insufflation, and Trocar Placement
20.5 Instrumentation
20.6 Surgical Technique
20.7 Results
20.8 Discussion
References
21: Posterior Prone Retroperitoneoscopic Nephrectomy
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Indications
21.3 Contraindications
21.4 Pre-Operative Preparation
21.5 Positioning
21.6 Anesthesia
21.7 Instrumentation
21.8 Technique
21.9 Postoperative Care
21.10 Complications
21.10.1 Peritoneal Tear
21.10.2 Balloon Rupture
21.10.3 Intraoperative Bleeding
21.10.4 Urine Leak
21.11 Results
21.12 Discussion
References
22: Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy in Children
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Preoperative Preparation
22.3 Positioning
22.4 Instrumentation
22.5 Technique
22.6 Postoperative Care
22.7 Results
22.8 Discussion
References
23: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy in Pediatric Patients
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Preoperative Preparation
23.3 Positioning
23.4 Instrumentation
23.5 Technique
23.6 Postoperative Care
23.7 Results
23.8 Discussion
References
24: Partial Nephrectomy Using Retroperitoneoscopy
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Preoperative Preparation
24.3 Positioning
24.4 Instrumentation
24.5 Technique
24.5.1 Retroperitoneal Access
24.5.1.1 Lateral Approach
24.5.1.2 Other Techniques to Access the Retroperitoneal Space
24.5.2 Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Upper Pole Partial Nephroureterectomy
24.5.3 Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Lower Pole Partial Nephrectomy
24.5.4 Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (RALPN)
24.6 Postoperative Care
24.7 Results and Discussion
References
25: Retroperitoneoscopic Prone Partial Nephrectomies
25.1 Introduction to Retroperitoneoscopic Partial Nephrectomies
25.2 Patient Positioning
25.3 Instrumentation
25.4 Trocars Placement and Working Space Creation (Video 25.1)
25.5 Technique
25.5.1 Upper-Pole Nephrectomy (Video 25.2)
25.5.2 Lower-Pole Nephrectomy (Video 25.3)
25.6 Postoperative Course
25.7 Discussion
25.8 Prone Vs Lateral Approach
25.9 Retroperitoneoscopy: Pros and Cons
References
26: Management of Kidney Stones Using RIRS
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Preoperative Preparation
26.3 Positioning
26.4 Instrumentation
26.5 Technique
26.5.1 Our Procedure Step by Step
26.6 Postoperative Care
26.7 Results
26.8 Discussion
References
27: Management of Kidney Stones Using Perc/Micro-perc as Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Procedures
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Preoperative Preparation
27.3 Positioning
27.4 Instrumentation
27.5 Technique
27.5.1 Perc/Mini-perc Procedure
27.5.2 Micro-perc Procedure
27.6 Postoperative Care
27.7 Results
27.8 Discussion
References
28: Place of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in the Management of Kidney Urolithiasis
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Indications
28.3 Pre-Operative Preparation
28.4 Positioning
28.4.1 Non-robotic Minimal Invasive Surgery
28.4.1.1 Transperitoneal
28.4.1.2 Retroperitoneal
28.4.2 Robotic Minimal Invasive Surgery
28.5 Instrumentation
28.6 Technique (Transperitoneal)
28.6.1 Pelvic and Calyceal Stones
28.6.2 Pelvic Stone and UPJ Obstruction
28.6.3 Nephrectomy for Calculus Disease
28.7 Technique (Retroperitoneal)
28.7.1 Diverticula
28.7.2 Nephrectomy
28.8 Post-Operative Care
28.9 Results
28.10 Discussion
References
29: MIS Management of Symptomatic Simple Renal Cysts
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Pre-Operative Preparation
29.3 Positioning
29.4 Instrumentation
29.5 Technique
29.5.1 Laparoscopic Technique
29.5.1.1 Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Approach
29.5.1.2 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Approach
29.5.2 Robot-Assisted Technique
29.6 Post-Operative Care
29.7 Results
29.8 Discussion
References
30: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Wilms’ Tumors
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Preoperative Preparation
30.3 Positioning
30.4 Instrumentation
30.5 Technique
30.6 Post-Operative Care
30.7 Complications
30.8 Results
30.9 Discussion
30.10 Conclusion
References
31: Robotic Approach for Kidney Tumors in Pediatric Patients
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Pre-Operative Preparation
31.3 Nephroureterectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)
31.3.1 Positioning
31.3.2 Initial Access, Insufflation, and Trocar Placement
31.3.3 Docking with Xi System
31.3.4 Instrumentation
31.3.5 Surgical Technique
31.4 Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal Lateral Approach)
31.4.1 Positioning
31.4.2 Initial Access, Insufflation, and Trocar Placement
31.4.3 Docking with Xi System
31.4.4 Instrumentation
31.4.5 Surgical Technique
31.5 Results
31.6 Discussion
References
32: MIS Management of Adrenal Tumors in Pediatric Patients
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Preoperative Preparation
32.3 Positioning
32.3.1 Positioning Depends on Surgical Approach
32.4 Instrumentation
32.5 Technique
32.6 Postoperative Care
32.7 Results
32.8 Discussion
References
Part III: Ureter
33: Endoscopic Treatment of Primary Obstructive Megaureter
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Pre-Operative Preparation
33.3 Positioning
33.4 Instrumentation
33.5 Technique
33.6 Postoperative Care
33.7 Results
33.8 Discussion
References
34: Laparoscopic Management of the Primary Obstructive Megaureter
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Preoperative Preparation
34.3 Positioning
34.4 Instrumentation
34.5 Sutures, Tape and Stent
34.6 Surgical Technique
34.7 Evolution of the Technique
34.7.1 Postoperative Care
34.8 Results
34.9 Discussion
References
35: Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Tapered Ureteral Reimplantation (RAL-TUR)
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Preoperative Preparation
35.3 Positioning, Docking, and Port Placement
35.4 Instrumentation
35.5 Step-by-Step Technique
35.5.1 Dissection
35.5.2 Detrusorotomy
35.5.3 Trimming
35.5.4 Stenting
35.5.5 Neo-Ureterovesicostomy
35.5.6 Detrusor Wrap
35.6 Postoperative Care
35.7 Results
35.8 Discussion
35.9 Conclusion
References
36: Retrocaval Ureter in Pediatric Patients
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Pre-Operative Preparation
36.3 Positioning
36.4 Instrumentation
36.5 Technique
36.6 Postoperative Care
36.7 Results
36.8 Discussion
References
37: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Ureteric Stones in Children
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Preoperative Preparation
37.3 Positioning
37.4 Instrumentation
37.5 Technique
37.6 Post-Operative Care
37.7 Results
37.8 Discussion
References
38: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Rare Ureteral Pathologies in Pediatric Patients
38.1 Position of the Patient
38.2 Ureteric Stenting
38.3 Ureteric Trauma
38.4 Ureteric Polyp
38.5 Congenital Ureteric Valves and Stenosis
38.6 Ureterocalicostomy for Recurrent UPJ Obstruction
38.7 Ureteroureterostomy in Duplex System
38.8 Retrieval of Migrated Double J Stent in Infants
38.9 Ureteric Substitution
References
Part IV: Bladder
39: Minimally Invasive Techniques in Pediatric Urology: Vesicoureteral Reflux Endoscopy
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Preprocedural Preparation
39.3 Materials
39.3.1 Implant Substances
39.4 Patient Positioning
39.5 Technique
39.6 Postprocedural Care
39.7 Results
39.8 Discussion
References
40: Vesico-Ureteric Reflux (VUR): Laparoscopic Lich–Gregoir Repair
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Pre-Operative Preparation
40.3 Anaesthesia
40.4 Initial Cystoscopy
40.5 Positioning
40.6 Instrumentation
40.7 Technique
40.7.1 Ureteral Dissection
40.7.2 Detrusorotomy and Exposure of the Bladder Mucosa
40.7.3 Detrusororrhaphy
40.8 Closure
40.9 Bilateral Reimplantation
40.9.1 Postoperative Care
40.10 Results
40.11 Discussion
40.12 Conclusion
References
41: Technique of Pneumovesicoscopy
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Limitations and Contraindications
41.3 Preoperative Preparation
41.4 Positioning
41.5 Instrumentation
41.6 Technique
41.7 Postoperative Care
41.8 Discussion
References
42: Robot-Assisted Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation (REVUR) for Vesico-Ureteral Reflux in Children
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Preoperative Preparation
42.3 Positioning
42.4 Instrumentation
42.5 Technique
42.6 Postoperative Care
42.7 Results
42.8 Discussion
References
43: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Ureterocele
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Preoperative Preparation
43.3 Positioning
43.4 Instrumentation
43.5 Technique
43.6 Postoperative Care
43.7 Results
43.8 Discussion
References
44: Minimally Invasive Treatment of Pediatric Bladder Tumors
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Types of Bladder Tumors in Children which Can Benefit from Minimally Invasive Treatment
44.2.1 Benign Lesions
44.2.1.1 Urothelial Papilloma Lesion
44.2.1.2 Fibroepithelial Polyp
44.2.1.3 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Bladder Tumors
44.2.2 Malignant Lesions
44.2.2.1 Urachal Adenocarcinoma and Urachal Sarcoma
44.3 Symptoms
44.4 Preoperative Imaging
44.5 Treatment
44.5.1 First Step: Biopsy
44.6 Transurethral Cystoscopic Resection
44.6.1 Postoperative Care
44.7 Treatment of Urachal Remnant or Other Mesenchymal Benign Lesion
44.7.1 Positioning
44.7.2 Procedure
44.8 Discussion
44.9 Conclusion
References
45: Minimally Invasive Techniques in Neurogenic Bladder
45.1 Introduction
45.1.1 Preoperative Investigations
45.1.2 Goals of Treatment
45.1.3 Conservative Treatment
45.2 Vesicoureteral Reflux in Neuropathic Bladder
45.2.1 Endoscopic Treatment of VUR in Neurogenic Bladder
45.2.1.1 Positioning and Technique of Injection
45.2.1.2 Injectable Substances
45.2.1.3 Results and Discussion
45.3 Urinary Incontinence
45.3.1 Procedures on the Detrusor
45.3.1.1 Intravesical Botulinum Toxin Therapy
Material and Technique of Injection
Results and Discussion
45.3.1.2 Bladder Augmentation and Appendicovesicostomy
Ileocystoplasty and Continent Catheterizable Channel: Robotic-Assisted Technique (RALIMA)
Preoperative Preparation
Positioning
Instrumentation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Results
45.3.2 Procedures on the Urethral Sphincter and Bladder Neck
45.3.2.1 Endoscopic Injection of Bulking Agents in the Bladder Neck and Proximal Urethra
Instruments and Injection Technique
Results
45.3.2.2 Artificial Urethral Sphincter (AUS)
Method and Surgical Technique
45.3.2.3 Periurethral Slings
45.3.2.4 Bladder Neck Reconfiguration
Procedure and Surgical Technique
45.4 Conclusions
References
46: Robotic Mitrofanoff Procedure
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Robotic Mitrofanoff
46.3 Patient Positioning and Planning
46.4 Incision and Port Placement
46.5 Robot Positioning
46.6 Robotic Mitrofanoff Procedure Steps
46.6.1 Step 1: Prepare the Appendix
46.6.2 Step 2: Prepare the Bladder
46.6.3 Step 3: Creating the Appendiculovesicular Anastomosis
46.6.4 Step 4: Final Intra-Abdominal Steps
46.6.5 Step 5: Creating the Skin-Lined Appendiculocutaneous Anastomosis
46.7 Post-Operative Actions
46.8 Conclusion
References
47: Robotic Management of Bladder Stones in Children
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Preoperative Preparation
47.3 Positioning
47.4 Instrumentation
47.5 Technique
47.6 Postoperative Care
47.7 Results
47.8 Discussion
References
48: Robotic Bladder Neck Construction for Voiding Continence
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Preoperative Preparation
48.3 Positioning
48.4 Instrumentation
48.5 Technique
48.6 Postoperative Care
48.7 Discussion
References
Part V: Urethra
49: Management of Posterior Urethral Valves
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Preoperative Preparation
49.3 Positioning
49.4 Instrumentation
49.5 Technique
49.6 Postoperative Care
49.7 Results
49.8 Discussion
References
50: Minimally Invasive Management of Urethral Stenosis and Stricture
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Preoperative Preparation
50.3 Positioning
50.4 Instrumentation
50.5 Technique (Videos 50.3 and 50.4)
50.6 Postoperative Care
50.7 Results
50.8 Discussion
References
Part VI: Miscellaneous
51: Prenatal Minimally Invasive Procedures for Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Epidemiology
51.3 Prenatal Diagnosis
51.4 Prognosis
51.5 Treatment
51.5.1 Rationale for Fetal Intervention
51.5.2 Treatment Based on Prenatal Classification
51.5.3 Therapeutic Options
51.6 Preoperative Preparation
51.7 Maternal and Fetal Positioning
51.8 Fetal Surgical Techniques and Instruments
51.8.1 Vesicoamniotic Shunting
51.8.2 Fetal Cystoscopy
51.8.2.1 Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Fetal Cystoscopy
51.8.2.2 Maternal Mini-Laparotomy-Assisted Fetal Cystoscopy
51.8.3 Serial Amnioinfusion
51.8.3.1 Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Amnioinfusion
51.8.3.2 Serial Amnioinfusion through Amnioport
51.9 Postoperative Care
51.10 Future Directions
References
52: Robot-Assisted Laparoscopy in Differences of Sexual Development: Resection of Embryological Remnants
52.1 Introduction
52.1.1 Actual Trends in DSD Surgery
52.1.2 Background of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Children: The Robotic Platform
52.2 Indications for Minimally Invasive Surgery
52.2.1 The Utricle Cyst
52.2.2 Hemi-Uterus
52.2.3 Ectopic Kidney with Aberrant Ureter
52.3 Preoperative Preparation
52.4 Positioning
52.5 Instrumentation
52.6 Technique
52.6.1 Utricle Cyst
52.6.2 The Hemi-Uterus
52.6.3 The Ectopic Kidney with Aberrant Ureter
52.7 Postoperative Care
52.8 Results
52.8.1 Utricle Cyst
52.8.2 Hemi-Uterus
52.8.3 The Ectopic Kidney with Aberrant Ureter
52.9 Discussion
52.10 Future
References
53: Laparoscopic Treatment of Prostatic Utricle in Children
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Preoperative Preparation
53.3 Positioning
53.4 Instrumentation
53.5 Technique
53.6 Postoperative Care
53.7 Results
53.8 Complications
53.9 Discussion
53.10 Conclusion
References
54: Laparoscopic Treatment of Seminal Vesicle Cyst
54.1 Introduction
54.2 Preoperative Preparation
54.3 Positioning
54.4 Instrumentation
54.5 Technique
54.6 Postoperative Care
54.7 Complications
54.8 Results
54.9 Discussion
54.10 Conclusion
References
55: Laparoscopic Lymphatic Sparing Palomo Varicocelectomy in Children Using Indocyanine Green (ICG) Fluorescence Lymphography
55.1 Introduction
55.2 Preoperative Preparation
55.3 Positioning
55.4 Instrumentation
55.5 Technique
55.6 Postoperative Care
55.7 Results
55.8 Discussion
References
56: Management of Impalpable Testis
56.1 Introduction
56.1.1 Etiology
56.1.2 Malignancy Risk
56.1.3 Fertility
56.1.4 Other Adverse Sequelae of Cryptorchidism
56.2 Preoperative Preparation
56.3 Procedure
56.3.1 Examination under Anesthetics (EUAs)
56.3.2 Palpable Testicle
56.3.3 Impalpable Testicle
56.4 Instrumentation
56.5 Technique
56.5.1 Open Procedure
56.5.2 Laparoscopy
56.5.3 Viable Intra-Abdominal Testicle
56.5.3.1 Technique for Delivering Mobilized Testis into Scrotum
56.5.4 Nonviable Testicle
56.5.5 Alternative Techniques
56.5.6 Postoperative Care
56.6 Outcomes
References
57: Application of 3D Reconstruction in Pediatric Urology
57.1 Introduction
57.2 How Does it Work?
57.2.1 The Anatomical Atlas
57.2.2 3D Virtual Model of the Patient
57.3 Prerequisite
57.4 Instrumentation
57.5 Technique
57.6 Postoperative Period
57.7 Results
57.8 Discussion
References
58: Evidence Based Medicine in Minimally Invasive Pediatric Urology
58.1 Introduction
58.2 Methods
58.3 Results
58.4 Overall Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Pediatric Urology
58.5 Nephrectomy, Nephroureterectomy, and Partial Nephrectomy
58.5.1 Nonfunctioning Kidney
58.5.2 Renal Neoplasms
58.5.3 Heminephrectomy and Heminephroureterectomy for Duplex Systems
58.6 Pyeloplasty for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO)
58.6.1 Laparoscopic vs. Open Pyeloplasty
58.6.2 Transperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty
58.6.3 Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopy Pyeloplasty
58.6.4 Other Techniques
58.7 MIS of the Lower Ureter
58.7.1 Vesicoureteral Reflux
58.7.2 Primary Obstructive Megaureter (POM)
58.8 Limits
58.9 Conclusion
References