Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices: Advanced Concepts, Fabrication, and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1. Electrochemical Micromachining
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
1.1.2 Material Removal Rate
1.1.3 Working Principle of ECMM
1.1.4 ECMM Setup
1.1.5 Classification of ECMM
1.1.5.1 Through-Mask ECMM
1.1.5.1.1 Mask Electrolyte Jet Machining (MJEM)
1.1.5.1.2 Sandwich-Like ECMM
1.1.5.2 Maskless ECMM
1.1.5.2.1 Jet ECMM
1.1.5.2.2 Wire-ECMM
1.1.5.2.3 Multiple-Tool ECMM
1.1.6 A Short Chronological Review
1.2 Process Parameters in ECMM
1.3 Power Supply in ECMM
1.4 Electrolytes in ECMM
1.5 Tool Design in ECMM
1.6 Recent Advancements in ECMM
References
2. Fabrication of Electrochromic Devices: Mechanistic Insights, Components, and Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 ECMs in Smart Window Technology
2.1.2 ECMs and Their Applications
2.2 Fabrication of ECDs
2.2.1 Transparent Conductors
2.2.2 Electrolytes
2.2.3 EC Layers
2.3 Functional Principle Behind Electrochromism
2.4 EC Parameters
2.4.1 Optical Contrast
2.4.2 Response Time
2.4.3 Coloration Efficiency
2.4.4 Durability
2.4.5 Optical Memory
2.4.6 Optical Modulation
2.5 Types of EC Materials
2.5.1 Inorganic Metal Oxide Materials (First-Generation ECMs)
2.5.2 Organic Small Molecules and Polymers (Second-Generation ECMs)
2.5.3 Transition Metal Complexes (Third-Generation ECMs)
2.5.4 Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers (Fourth-Generation ECMs)
2.6 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
3. Mathematical Modelling of a Piezoelectric Wave Energy Converter Device Integrated with a Vertical Breakwater over a Stepped Seabed
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mathematical Formulation
3.3 Solution Methodology
3.4 Results and Discussions
3.4.1 Effect of the PWEC Plate Length and the Plate Edge Type
3.4.2 Effect of the Submergence Depth of the PWEC Device
3.4.3 Effect of the Stepped-Bed-Profile
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4. (p)ppGpp Mediated Biofilm Formation and Estimation on Chip
4.1 Introduction
4.2 (p)ppGpp and Stress Response
4.3 Biofilms
4.3.1 Attachment to Surface
4.3.2 Maturation of Biofilm
4.3.3 Detachment of Biofilm
4.4 Biofilm and Human Pathogens
4.5 Second Messenger and Formation of Biofilm
4.6 Biofilm Quantification and Imagining
4.6.1 Crystal Violet Assay
4.6.2 Solvent-Based Method
4.6.3 Tube-Based Method
4.6.4 ATP Bioluminescence Method
4.6.5 Mass Spectrometry
4.6.6 Other Methods
4.7 Biofilm Chip
4.8 Other Chip-Based Methods
4.9 Discussion
References
5. A Review of State-of-the-Art Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices for Environmental Applications: Monitoring, Detection and Remediation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Working Principles
5.2.1 Voltametric Sensors
5.2.2 Potentiometric Sensors
5.2.3 Amperometric Sensors
5.3 Design and Fabrication Considerations
5.4 Devices for Detection, Monitoring and Remediation of Environmental Pollutants
5.4.1 Water Pollutants
5.4.1.1 Inorganic Pollutants
5.4.1.2 Organic Pollutants
5.4.2 Air Pollutants
5.4.3 Microplastic Pollutants
5.5 Future Perspectives
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Flexible and Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Device Materials and Structures
6.3 Transduction Mechanisms
6.3.1 Capacitance
6.3.2 Piezoresistance
6.3.3 Piezoelectricity
6.4 Flexible Sensors
6.4.1 Temperature Sensors
6.4.2 Pressure Sensors
6.4.3 Strain Sensors
6.4.4 Physiological Biochemical Sensors
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Electrochemical Tools for the Prognosis of Skin Wounds
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chronic Wounds and Biomarkers
7.3 Wound Infections
7.4 Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Biomarkers
7.4.1 pH Sensors
7.4.2 Uric Acid Sensors
7.4.3 Cytokine and Growth Factor Sensors
7.4.4 Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) Sensors
7.4.5 Enzyme Sensors
7.5 Electrochemical Sensors for Pathogen Detection
7.6 Materials for Biosensors Used for Monitoring Wounds
7.7 Development of Modern-Day Biosensors for Wound Management
7.7.1 Multianalyte and Multiplexed Biosensors
7.7.2 Real-Time Monitoring
7.8 Role of Machine Learning in Wound Management
7.9 Challenges and the Way Forward
References
8. Phosphorene-Based Electrochemical Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of Phosphorene from Black Phosphorous
8.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
8.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
8.2.3 Electrochemical Exfoliation
8.3 Applications
8.3.1 Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries
8.3.2 Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) Batteries
8.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
8.3.4 Electrodes in Supercapacitors
8.3.5 Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
8.3.6 Electrochemical Sensors
8.4 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
9. Microfluidic/Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices for Bacteria Sensing Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Electrochemical Analytical Methods
9.2.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
9.2.2 Voltamperometric Techniques
9.2.2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
9.2.2.2 Chronoamperometry
9.2.3 Pulsed Techniques
9.2.3.1 Square Wave Voltammetry
9.2.3.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
9.3 Detection of Pathogens Using Various Techniques
9.3.1 Electrochemical Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in a Microfluidic Chamber
9.3.2 Electrochemical Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria via Lab-on-a-Chip
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Cloth and Paper-Based Miniaturized Electrochemiluminescence Platforms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Paper and Cloth-Based ECL Systems
10.2.1 Open Bipolar ECL Systems
10.2.2 Closed Bipolar ECL Systems
10.2.3 Other Material Used to Develop ECL Systems
10.3 Existing Research Gaps and Potential Solutions
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11. MXene Materials for Miniaturized Energy Storage Devices (MESDs)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 MXene-Based Miniaturized Energy Storage Devices
11.2.1 MXene-Based Miniaturized Solar Cells
11.2.2 MXene-Based Micro-Supercapacitors (MSC)
11.2.3 MXene-Based Micro-Batteries (MBs)
11.3 Conclusions and Outlook
References
12. Microsupercapacitors for Miniaturized Electronic Device Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals
12.3 Topologies and Performance Metrics
12.4 Electrode Materials for microSCs
12.4.1 MXenes
12.4.2 2D-Organic Framework Materials
12.5 Fabrication Methods
12.6 Various Ways to Improve the Performance of microSCs
12.7 Applications of microSCs
12.8 Conclusions
12.9 Challenges and Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13. Tetracyanoquinodimethane Based Small Organic Molecules as Potential Memristor and Solar Cell Devices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Photophysical, Electrochemical Property Besides Non-Volatile RS Memory Device Execution of BHEPDQ
13.2.1 Photophysical Property
13.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Stability
13.2.3 Electrochemical Study
13.2.4 Flexible Al/BHEPDQ/ITO Device with Non-Volatile Resistive Switching Memory Property
13.3 Photophysical Property, Electrochemical Study and Solar Cell Investigation of BCCPDQ
13.3.1 Photophysical Property
13.3.2 Cyclic Voltammetry
13.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis
13.3.4 Solar Cell Property of BCCPDQ
13.3.4.1 UV-Vis Absorption and Fluorescence Emission in BCCPDQ Film
13.3.4.2 Photovoltaic Characteristics
13.3.4.3 Stability Study
13.4 Overview
Acknowledgments
References
14. Hydrodynamic Performance of a Submerged Piezoelectric Wave Energy Converter Device in Real Sea Conditions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mathematical Formulation
14.3 Solution Methodology
14.4 Results and Discussions
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
15. The Emerging Nanostructured Field Effect Transistors for Dielectrically Modulated Biosensing Applications: Review of the Present Development
15.1 Introduction: Background
15.2 General Overview of Biosensors
15.2.1 Selectivity
15.2.2 Sensitivity
15.2.3 Limit of Detection
15.2.4 Dynamic Range
15.2.5 Response Time
15.3 Biological Field Effect Transistor (BioFET)
15.4 Dielectrically Modulated Biological Field Effect Transistor (DM-BioFET)
15.4.1 Experimental Progress in Nanostructure DM-BioFET
15.4.2 Theoretical Progress in Nanostructure DM-BioFET
15.4.2.1 DM-BioNWFET
15.4.2.2 DM-BioFinFET
15.4.2.3 DM-BioNSFET
15.4.2.4 DM-BioNTFET
15.4.2.5 DM-BioBTFET
15.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
16. Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance for Efficient Sensing and Analysis
16.1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.2 Advancement in Surface Plasmon Resonance
16.3 Electrochemical SPR and Applications
16.4 Conclusion
References
17. Carbon-Based Electrochemical Devices for Energy Storage
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of EESDs and Materials
17.3 Fundamentals and Types of EESDs
17.4 CBMs for Supercapacitors and Batteries
17.4.1 CNT-Based Materials
17.4.2 Graphene-Based Materials
17.4.3 Activated CBMs
17.4.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Materials
17.4.5 Fullerene Materials
17.5 Prospects and Conclusion
References
18. Electrochemical Biosensors for Rare Cell Isolation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biosensors
18.3 Rare Cell Types and Their Isolation
18.3.1 Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs)
18.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
18.4.1 Amperometry
18.4.2 Impedimetric
18.4.3 Conductometric Sensing
18.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
18.5 Future of Electrochemical Biosensors
18.6 Conclusion
References
Index