This textbook aims to describe the role of minerals in plant life cycle; how these nutrients are absorbed, distributed, stored; what functions each mineral plays and the disorders that their excess or absence may cause. From an agronomic perspective, such knowledge is key to boost crop production and improve its quality, and it also helps understand how to better manage fertilizers and prevent environmental issues. The book has focus on tropical agriculture and its specific demands, providing examples of major crops (such as sugarcane, soybeans, coffee etc), silviculture and pasture species.
Author(s): Renato de Mello Prado
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 356
City: Cham
Foreword
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Plant Nutrition
1.1 Concepts of Plant Nutrition and Its Relationship with Related Disciplines
1.2 Concept of Nutrient and Criteria of Essentiality
1.3 Relative Composition of Nutrients in Plants
1.4 Nutrient Accumulation by Crops and Crop Formation
1.5 Other Chemical Elements of Interest for Plant Nutrition
1.6 Hydroponic Cultivation: Preparation and Use of Nutritional Solutions
Sources of Fertilizers
Water
Order of Nutrient Addition
Maintenance of Adequate pH in the Nutrient Solution
Maintenance of Adequate Osmotic Pressure in the Nutrient Solution
Maintenance of Adequate Temperature in the Nutrient Solution
Maintenance of Oxygenation in the Nutrient Solution
Maintenance of Adequate EC in the Nutrient Solution
Disease Prevention Measures
References
Chapter 2: Ion Uptake by Roots
2.1 Root-Ion Channel
2.2 Root’s Anatomical Characteristics and Processes of Active and Passive Uptake
Anatomical Aspects of the Root
Root Nutrient Uptake Processes
Passive Phase
Active Phase
2.3 Internal and External Factors Affecting Nutrient Uptake by Roots
External Factors
Availability
Organic Acids and Amino Acids
Internal Factors
Genetic Potential
Internal Ionic State
Metabolism Intensity
Transpiration Intensity
Growth Intensity and Root Morphology
2.4 Transport
Redistribution
References
Chapter 3: Foliar Ion Uptake
3.1 Introduction
Anatomical Aspects of the Leaf and Active and Passive Uptake Processes
External Factors
General Aspects of Foliar Spraying
References
Chapter 4: Nitrogen
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nitrogen Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution
Nitrogen Uptake
pH Direct Effect
Root Age
Presence of Other Nutrients
Nitrogen Transport
Nitrogen Redistribution
4.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Nitrate Assimilatory Reduction
Nitrogen Incorporation
4.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Extraction and Export
Nutrient Uptake Rate
4.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicity
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 5: Sulfur
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Sulfur
Sulfur Uptake
Sulfur Transport
Sulfur Redistribution
5.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction
5.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Extraction and Export
Uptake Rate
5.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
5.6 Excess Sulfur
References
Chapter 6: Phosphorus
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phosphorus Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution
Phosphorus Uptake
Effect of pH and Other Nutrients
Effect of Temperature and Oxygen
Phosphorus Transport
Phosphorus Redistribution
6.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
6.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Extraction and Export
Nutrient Uptake Rate
6.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiency
Excess Phosphorus
References
Chapter 7: Potassium
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Potassium
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
7.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
7.4 Nutritional Requirements of Major Crops
Nutrient Export and Extraction
Uptake Rate
Utilization Efficiency of K by Plants
7.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiency
Excess
References
Chapter 8: Calcium
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Calcium
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
8.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
8.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Extraction and Transport
Nutrient Uptake Rate
8.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiency
Excess
References
Chapter 9: Magnesium
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Magnesium
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
9.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Structural (Chlorophyll) and Enzyme Activity
Protein Synthesis
9.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Extraction and Export
Nutrient Uptake Rate
9.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiency
Excess
References
Chapter 10: Boron
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Boron
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
10.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Cell Wall Synthesis and Cell Elongation
Membrane Integrity
Carbohydrate Transport
Reproductive Growth
10.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
Nutrient Uptake Rate
10.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 11: Zinc
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Zinc
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
11.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Synthesis of Indoleacetic Acid (AIA)
Protein Synthesis (RNA) and Nitrate Reduction
Enzyme Structure and Enzyme Activity
11.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
Extraction and Export of Nutrients
Nutrient Absorption Curve
11.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
Deficiencies
Excess
References
Chapter 12: Manganese
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Manganese
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
12.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
12.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
Extraction and Export of Nutrients
Absorption Curve
12.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses of Manganese
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 13: Iron
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Iron
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
13.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
Chlorophyll and Protein Biosynthesis
Cytochrome and Ferredoxin Compounds and Enzyme Activation
13.4 Mineral Requirements of the Main Crops
13.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Iron
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 14: Copper
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Copper
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
14.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
14.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
Extraction and Export of Nutrients
Absorption Curve
14.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Copper
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 15: Molybdenum
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Uptake, Transport, and Redistribution of Molybdenum
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
15.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
15.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
Extraction and Export of Nutrients
Absorption Curve
15.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Molybdenum
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 16: Chlorine
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Chlorine
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
16.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
16.4 Nutritional Requirements of Crops
Extraction and Export of Nutrients
16.5 Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies and Excess of Chlorine
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 17: Nickel
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Nickel
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
17.3 Participation in Plant Metabolism
17.4 Crop Nutritional Requirements
17.5 Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency
Toxicity
References
Chapter 18: Potentially Toxic Metals
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Uptake, Transport and Redistribution of Potentially Toxic Metals
Uptake
Transport
Redistribution
18.3 Effects on Plant Metabolism
18.4 Heavy Metal Concentration and Accumulation
18.5 Toxicity Symptoms
References
Chapter 19: Visual and Leaf Diagnosis
19.1 Leaf Sampling Criteria
19.2 Preparation of Plant Material and Chemical Analysis
19.3 Other Chemical Analyses
Silicon
Nitrate
19.4 Studies on Leaf Diagnosis in Crops
Leaf Diagnosis (Critical Level or Appropriate Range)
Leaf Diagnosis (DRIS—Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System)
Data Collection
Data Analysis
References
Chapter 20: Interactions Between Nutrients
20.1 Studies on the Most Common Interactions
20.2 Relationships Between Nutrients in Leaf Analysis
N × K Interaction
N and S Interaction
K, Ca, Mg Interactions
Mg × Mn/Zn Interactions
S × Mo Interactions
N × P Interactions
Other Interactions
20.3 Final Considerations
References
Index
