Mineral Deposits of Finland is the only up-to-date and inclusive reference available that fully captures the scope of Finland’s mineral deposits and their economic potential. Finland hosts Europe’s most mature rocks and large cratonic blocks, analogous to western Australia and Southern Africa, which are the most mineralized terrains on Earth.
Authored by the world’s premier experts on Finnish mineral exploration and mining, Mineral Deposits of Finland offers a thorough summary of the mineral deposits and their
petrogenesis, helping readers to map, explore, and identify Finland’s renewed potential for mineral exploration and extraction.
Presents a thoroughly inclusive catalogue of Finland’s mineral deposits and their economic potential
Features full-color figures, illustrations, working examples and photographs to aid the reader in retaining key concepts to underscore major advances in the exploration of Finland’s mineral resources
Offers concise chapter summaries authored by leaders in geological research, which provide accessible overviews of deposit classes
Author(s): Wolfgang Derek Maier, Raimo Lahtinen, Hugh O'Brien
Publisher: Elsevier Science
Year: 2015
Language: English
Commentary: Elsevier
Pages: 819
City: Amsterdam
Tags: Mineralogy Finland Minerals Mines and mineral resources
Front Cover
Mineral Deposits of Finland
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
PART 1
CHAPTER 1 - A HISTORY OF EXPLORATION FOR AND DISCOVERY OF FINLAND’S ORE DEPOSITS
PART 3 - MAGMATIC NI-CU-PGE-CR-V DEPOSITS
INTRODUCTION
TIME OF SWEDISH RULE
PERIOD OF RUSSIAN RULE
THE YEARS 1945–2013
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 2
CHAPTER 2 - SYNTHESIS OF THE GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND METALLOGENY OF FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
METALLOGENY OF ARCHEAN GRANITE-GREENSTONE TERRANES
METALLOGENY OF THE PALEOPROTEROZOIC CRATONIC SEDIMENTATION AND MAGMATISM
METALLOGENY OF OPHIOLITIC COMPLEXES
METALLOGENY OF THE SVECOFENNIAN ARC COMPLEXES AND OROGENIC MAGMATISM
METALLOGENY OF THE ANOROGENIC MAGMATISM
LATER MINERALIZATION EVENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
3.1 - GEOLOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF MAGMATIC NI-CU-PGE-CR-V DEPOSITS: AN INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
GEOLOGY OF DEPOSITS
LOCATION OF DEPOSITS
DISTRIBUTION OF DEPOSITS IN TIME
FORMATION OF MAGMATIC PGE-CR-V-NI-CU DEPOSITS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
3.2 - KOMATIITE-HOSTED NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS IN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF KOMATIITE-HOSTED NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS
LOCATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF KOMATIITE-HOSTED NI-CU-(PGE) DEPOSITS IN FINLAND
NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS OF THE SUOMUSSALMI GREENSTONE BELT
THE TAINIOVAARA NI-CU-PGE DEPOSIT, EASTERN FINLAND
NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS OF THE CENTRAL LAPLAND GREENSTONE BELT
NI-(CU) DEPOSITS OF THE ENONTEKIÖ-KÄSIVARSI AREA
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE FINNISH KOMATIITE-HOSTED NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3.3 - PGE-(CU-NI) DEPOSITS OF THE TORNIO-NÄRÄNKÄVAARA BELT OF INTRUSIONS (PORTIMO, PENIKAT, AND KOILLISMAA)
INTRODUCTION
THE PORTIMO COMPLEX AND ITS MINERALIZATION
REEF-TYPE PGE MINERALIZATION IN THE PENIKAT INTRUSION
CONTACT-TYPE CU-NI-PGE MINERALIZATION OF THE KOILLISMAA INTRUSION
COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CYCLIC UNITS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLORATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3.4 - THE KEMI CHROMITE DEPOSIT
INTRODUCTION
SHAPE AND LAYERING OF THE INTRUSION
THE CHROMITE MINERALIZATION
FROM CHROME ORE TO STAINLESS STEEL
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
3.5 - THE MUSTAVAARA FE-TI-V OXIDE DEPOSIT
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF THE MUSTAVAARA MINE
GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE MUSTAVAARA DEPOSIT
GEOLOGY OF THE MUSTAVAARA ORE DEPOSIT
ANALYTICAL METHODS
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ORE
GENESIS OF THE MUSTAVAARA ORE DEPOSIT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3.6 - THE KEVITSA NI-CU-PGE DEPOSIT IN THE CENTRAL LAPLAND GREENSTONE BELT IN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
MINE GEOLOGY
COMPARISON TO OTHER MAGMATIC NI-CU-PGE DEPOSITS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3.7 - THE SAKATTI CU-NI-PGE SULFIDE DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERY HISTORY
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
DEPOSIT OVERVIEW
PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3.8 - NICKEL DEPOSITS OF THE 1.88 GA KOTALAHTI AND VAMMALA BELTS
INTRODUCTION
AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEPOSITS
MODE OF OCCURRENCE
GEOTECTONIC SETTING
NICKEL ORES
TYPE DEPOSITS
PARENTAL MAGMA AND CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION
ORE MODELS
EXPLORATION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 4 - DEPOSITS RELATED TO CARBONATITIES AND KIMBERLITES
4.1 - INTRODUCTION TO CARBONATITE DEPOSITS OF FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
AGE AND OCCURRENCE
FORM AND ROCK TYPES
MINERALOGY AND ORES
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MANTLE SOURCES
CARBONATITES IN FINLAND
LAIVAJOKI, KORTIJÄRVI, AND PETÄIKKÖ-SUVANTOVAARA CARBONATITES
1.8 GA CARBONATITE DIKES
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4.2 - THE SOKLI CARBONATITE COMPLEX
INTRODUCTION
AEROGEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOKLI COMPLEX
ROCK TYPES
MINERALOGY
GEOCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPES
GENESIS OF THE CARBONATITE
ORE DEPOSITS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
4.3 - THE ARCHEAN SIILINJÄRVI CARBONATITE COMPLEX
INTRODUCTION
ROCK TYPES
STRUCTURES
MINERALOGY
AGE
GEOCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPES
GENESIS OF THE SIILINJÄRVI GLIMMERITE-CARBONATITE
SIILINJÄRVI MINE
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4.4 - KIMBERLITE-HOSTED DIAMONDS IN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
AGE AND OCCURRENCE
DEFINITIONS
FORM
MANTLE ASSIMILATION
DIAMOND EXPLORATION IN FINLAND
DIAMOND REGIONS OF FINLAND
KARELIAN CRATON MANTLE DIAMOND POTENTIAL
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A. BRIEF SUMMARY OF DIAMOND EXPLORATION RESULTS FROM THE KAAVI-KUOPIO KIMBERLITES
PART 5
5.1 - OVERVIEW ON GOLD DEPOSITS IN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
GENETIC TYPES OF GOLD DEPOSITS RECOGNIZED IN FINLAND
SUMMARY: GOLD MINERALIZATION IN FINLAND AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUPERCONTINENT EVOLUTION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5.2 - THE SUURIKUUSIKKO GOLD DEPOSIT (KITTILÄ MINE), NORTHERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
GOLD RESOURCE AND MINE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING
GEOLOGY OF THE SUURIKUUSIKKO AREA
SUURIKUUSIKKO GOLD DEPOSIT
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5.3 - EXPLORATION TARGETING AND GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF GOLD MINERALIZATION IN THE NEOARCHEAN ILOMANTSI GREENSTONE BELT IN EASTERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
GEOLOGIC OUTLINE OF THE HATTU SCHIST BELT
EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES AND HISTORY
TILL GEOCHEMISTRY AS AN EXPLORATION AND TARGETING TECHNIQUE
DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL GOLD OCCURRENCES
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EXPLORATION TARGETING—NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FAVORABLE STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE AND CONTROLS ON MINERALI...
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5.4 - THE ROMPAS PROSPECT, PERÄPOHJA SCHIST BELT, NORTHERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 6
CHAPTER 6 - THE HANNUKAINEN FE-(CU-AU) DEPOSIT, WESTERN FINNISH LAPLAND: AN UPDATED DEPOSIT MODEL
INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING
EXPLORATION HISTORY OF THE HANNUKAINEN DEPOSIT
GEOLOGY OF THE HANNUKAINEN DEPOSIT
GEOCHEMISTRY AND AGE DETERMINATIONS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 7
CHAPTER 7 - THE VIHANTI-PYHÄSALMI VMS BELT
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE VIHANTI-PYHÄSALMI BELT
VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS OF THE VIHANTI AREA
VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS OF THE PYHÄSALMI AREA
SATELLITE DEPOSITS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 8
CHAPTER 8 - MINERAL DEPOSITS RELATED TO GRANITIC ROCKS
OVERVIEW OF THE PRECAMBRIAN GRANITOIDS IN FINLAND
MINERALIZATION RELATED TO THE NEOARCHEAN GRANITOIDS
MINERALIZATION RELATED TO PALEOPROTEROZOIC OROGENIC GRANITOIDS
SN-BE-W-ZN-IN MINERALIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH RAPAKIVI GRANITES OF FINLAND AND RUSSIAN KARELIA
REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 9 - OTHER TYPES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS
9.1 - THE TALVIVAARA BLACK SHALE-HOSTED NI-ZN-CU-CO DEPOSIT IN EASTERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
SHORT EXPLORATION AND MINING HISTORY
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE TALVIVAARA AREA
DEFORMATION AND METAMORPHISM IN THE TALVIVAARA AREA
TALVIVAARA ORE DEPOSIT
DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9.2 - HIGH-TECH METALS IN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
RARE EARTH ELEMENT DEPOSITS
SOKLI CARBONATITE VEINS
TITANIUM DEPOSITS
LITHIUM DEPOSITS
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References
9.3 - THE TAIVALJÄRVI AG-AU-ZN DEPOSIT IN THE ARCHEAN TIPASJÄRVI GREENSTONE BELT, EASTERN FINLAND
INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
THE SILVER DEPOSIT AS A PART OF THE TAIVALJÄRVI FORMATION
MINERALOGY OF THE DEPOSIT
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9.4 - URANIUM DEPOSITS OF FINLAND
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL REVIEW OF URANIUM EXPLORATION AND MINING IN FINLAND
UUSIMAA AREA
KOLI AREA
KOLARI-KITTILÄ AREA
KUUSAMO SCHIST BELT
PERÄPOHJA SCHIST BELT
URANIUM DEPOSITS NOT INCLUDED IN ANY SPECIFIC URANIUM POTENTIAL AREAS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9.5 - INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND ROCKS
INTRODUCTION
CALCITE AND DOLOMITE
MAGNESITE
TALC
QUARTZ
FELDSPARS
WOLLASTONITE
APATITE AND MICAS
CLAY MINERALS
GRAPHITE
SILLIMANITE GROUP MINERALS
OTHER NONMETALLIC INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
METALLIC INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
PART 10 - EXPLORATION METHODS
10.1 - SURFICIAL GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION METHODS
INTRODUCTION
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION
GLACIOLOGICAL CONTEXT
TILL GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION AT DIFFERENT SCALES
TILLS AND GLACIAL LANDFORMS AS INDICATORS OF TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORT DISTANCES AND DILUTION OF MINERALIZED MATERIAL IN TILL
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10.2 - THE OROGENIC GOLD POTENTIAL OF THE CENTRAL LAPLAND GREENSTONE BELT, NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CENTRAL LAPLAND GREENSTONE BELT
DATA AND METHODS
3D MODEL OF THE KITTILÄ TERRANE
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART 11
11 - FINLAND’S MINERAL RESOURCES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE MINING
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE MINING
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?
MINING HISTORY IN FINLAND
METALLOGENY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE MINING
REFERENCES
Index
