Mine Water Treatment – Active and Passive Methods

Preface
Acknowledgements
Abstract | Zusammenfassung | Shrnutí
English Abstract
German Zusammenfassung
Czech Shrnutí
Contents
Notes from the Author
Legal Notice
Company Names
Note on Gender Mainstreaming
Texts and Illustrations from Previous Publications
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
1.1 Sidenotes – or Experiences After More Than a Decade of Literature Review
1.2 Definition of Terms
1.2.1 Problems with the Definition of Terms
1.2.2 Active Mine Water Treatment
1.2.3 Base Capacity (kB; Acidity; m-Value)
1.2.4 Mine
1.2.5 Bioreactor
1.2.6 Circular Economy
1.2.7 Mine Water Discharge – “Decant”
1.2.8 First Flush
1.2.9 Mine Flooding
1.2.10 Mine Water (Mine Drainage, Mining Influenced Water)
1.2.11 Constructed Wetlands for Mine Water Treatment
1.2.12 Coagulation and Flocculation
1.2.13 Net Acidic or Net Alkaline Mine Water
1.2.14 Passive Mine Water Treatment
1.2.15 Treatment Wetlands for Municipal Wastewater
1.2.16 Phytoremediation
1.2.17 pH Value
1.2.18 Acid Capacity (kA; Alkalinity; p-Value)
1.2.19 Acid Mine Drainage
1.2.20 Sorption, Adsorption, Coprecipitation, Surface Complexation and Other Such Reactions
1.2.21 Heavy Metal
1.2.22 Base Metal
1.3 Formation of Mine Water and Buffer Mechanisms
1.4 Classification of Mine Water
2: Preliminary Investigations
2.1 Introductory Remarks
2.2 Mine Water Sampling
2.2.1 Checklists and Notes
2.2.2 Note on Occupational Health and Safety
2.2.3 Sampling Methods
2.2.4 Quality Control
2.2.5 Measuring Instruments and Sampling
2.2.6 Sample Names
2.2.7 Dissolved and Total Concentrations
2.2.8 Documentation
2.3 Essential On-Site Parameters
2.3.1 Introductory Note
2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (Specific Conductance)
2.3.3 Base Capacity (kB; Acidity)
2.3.4 Acid Capacity (kA; Alkalinity)
2.3.5 Flow and Loads
2.3.6 pH Value
2.3.7 Iron Concentration
2.3.8 Manganese Concentration
2.3.9 Aluminium Concentration
2.3.10 Redox Potential (Eh, ORP)
2.3.11 Oxygen Saturation
2.4 Water Analysis
2.5 Lime Addition or Column Tests
2.6 Active or Passive Mine Water Treatment?
2.7 The Endless Mine Water Treatment Plant
2.8 Pourbaix Diagrams (Stability Diagrams, Predominance Diagrams, Eh-pH-Diagrams, “Confusogram” sensu P. Wade)
3: Active Treatment Methods for Mine Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Neutralisation Process
3.2.1 Principles and Historical Development
3.2.2 Low Density Sludge (LDS) Process
3.2.3 High Density Sludge (HDS) Process
3.2.4 It Is Easier to Live in a Box
3.3 Electrochemical Processes
3.3.1 Electrocoagulation
3.3.2 Electrosorption (Condensation Deionisation)
3.3.3 Electrodialysis/Membrane-Based Electrolysis
3.4 Membrane-Based Processes
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Microfiltration
3.4.3 Ultrafiltration
3.4.4 Nanofiltration
3.4.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
3.4.6 Sparro Process (Slurry Precipitation and Recycle Reverse Osmosis)
3.4.7 Forward Osmosis (FO)
3.5 Precipitation Methods for Uncommon Contaminants
3.6 Ettringite Precipitation
3.6.1 SAVMIN™ Process
3.6.2 Other Procedures
3.7 Schwertmannite Process
3.8 Bioreactors (Fermenters)
3.9 Ion Exchange
3.10 Sorption
3.11 Advanced Oxidation
3.12 Flotation Liquid-Liquid Extraction (F-LLX; VEP; HydroFlex™ Technology)
3.13 Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation
4: Passive Treatment Methods for Mine Water
4.1 Note
4.2 What Is Passive Mine Water Treatment?
4.3 Limestone Drains and Channels
4.3.1 Classification of Limestone Drains and Channels
4.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drain (ALD)
4.3.3 Oxic Limestone Drain (OLD)
4.3.4 Open Limestone Channel (OLC)
4.4 Constructed Wetlands
4.4.1 Prologue (I Have Always Wanted to Write This)
4.4.2 Aerobic Constructed Wetland (Reed Bed)
4.4.3 Anaerobic Constructed Wetland (Anaerobic Wetland, Compost Wetland)
4.5 Reducing and Alkalinity Producing Systems (RAPS); Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS); Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor, Vertical Flow Wetlands
4.6 Settling Pond (Settling Basin, Settlement Lagoon)
4.7 Permeable Reactive Walls
4.8 Vertical Flow Reactor (VFR)
4.9 Passive Oxidation Systems (Cascades, “Trompe”)
4.10 ARUM (Acid Reduction Using Microbiology) Process
5: Alternative Methods for the Management of Mine Water
5.1 Thoughts on Alternative Treatment Methods and Their Application
5.2 Natural and Monitored Natural Attenuation
5.2.1 Natural Attenuation
5.2.2 Monitored Natural Attenuation
5.3 Change in Mining Methods
5.4 Biometallurgy, Geobiotechnology, Biomimetics or Agro-metallurgy
6: In Situ and On-site Remediation Measures
6.1 Introductory Remark
6.2 In-lake Processes
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 In-lake Liming
6.2.3 Stimulated Iron and Sulfate Reduction in Lakes
6.2.4 Electrochemical and Electro-biochemical Treatment
6.3 Chemical Treatment Measures to Reduce Pollutants
6.3.1 Treatment of Acidic Lakes
6.3.2 On-site Chemical Treatment Measures
6.4 Reinjection of Sludge, Treatment Residues or Lime
6.5 Remediation of Contaminated Watercourses
6.6 In situ Remediation of Uranium-Containing Mine and Seepage Water
6.7 Mixing of Pyrite-containing Substrates with Alkaline Material
6.8 Closure of Drainage and Mine Adits
7: Post-mining Usage of Mine Sites or Residues of the Treatment Process
7.1 Post-mining Usage of Remediated Sites
7.2 Treatment Residues as Recyclable Materials (Circular Economy)
8: Finish
Lagniappe – Bonus Chapter
Explanation of Terms/Glossary/Abbreviations
Introductory Remarks
Glossary
Abbreviations
Symbols and Units
Acronyms and Abbreviations
References
Index