This third and last open access volume in the series takes the perspective of non-EU countries on immigrant social protection. By focusing on 12 of the largest sending countries to the EU, the book tackles the issue of the multiple areas of sending state intervention towards migrant populations. Two “mirroring” chapters are dedicated to each of the 12 non-EU states analysed (Argentina, China, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Morocco, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey). One chapter focuses on access to social benefits across five core policy areas (health care, unemployment, old-age pensions, family benefits, guaranteed minimum resources) by discussing the social protection policies that non-EU countries offer to national residents, non-national residents, and non-resident nationals. The second chapter examines the role of key actors (consulates, diaspora institutions and home country ministries and agencies) through which non-EU sending countries respond to the needs of nationals abroad. The volume additionally includes two chapters focusing on the peculiar case of the United Kingdom after the Brexit referendum. Overall, this volume contributes to ongoing debates on migration and the welfare state in Europe by showing how non-EU sending states continue to play a role in third country nationals’ ability to deal with social risks. As such this book is a valuable read to researchers, policy makers, government employees and NGO’s.
Author(s): Jean-Michel Lafleur, Daniela Vintila
Series: IMISCOE Research Series
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 452
City: Cham
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: The Immigration-Emigration Nexus in Non-EU Sending States: A Focus on Welfare Entitlements, Consular Services, and Diaspora Policies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Social Policy Developments in Non-EU Contexts
1.3 Non-EU Welfare States and the Immigration-Emigration Nexus
1.3.1 Demographic Pressures
1.3.2 Considerations Regarding the Composition of Migrant Stocks
1.3.3 Economic and Political Tensions
1.4 What Kind of Social Protection for Mobile Individuals Moving from/to Non-EU Countries?
1.4.1 Access to Social Protection for Foreigners: Between Equal Treatment and (In)Direct Disentitlement
1.4.2 The Case of Non-Resident Nationals: Formal Exclusion from the Home Country’s Welfare Regime, with Some Exceptions
1.4.3 Protecting Immigrants and Emigrants: A Trade-Off for Welfare States?
1.5 Structure of the Volume
References
Chapter 2: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Argentina
2.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Argentina
2.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
2.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
2.2 Migration and Social Protection in Argentina
2.2.1 Unemployment
2.2.2 Health Care
2.2.3 Pensions
2.2.4 Family and Parental Benefits
2.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
2.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Argentine Citizens Abroad
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
3.2.1 The Argentine Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
3.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
3.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
3.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Argentina
3.3.1 Unemployment
3.3.2 Health Care
3.3.3 Pensions
3.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
3.3.5 Economic Hardship
3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in China
4.1 Overview of the National Social Security System and Main Migration Features in China
4.1.1 Main Characteristics of China’s Social Security System
4.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
4.2 Migration and Social Protection in China
4.2.1 Unemployment
4.2.2 Health Care
4.2.3 Pensions
4.2.4 Family Benefits
4.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
4.2.6 Obstacles and Bilateral/Multilateral Social Security Agreements
4.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Chinese Citizens Abroad
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
5.2.1 The Chinese Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
5.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
5.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
5.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in the PRC
5.3.1 Unemployment
5.3.2 Health Care
5.3.3 Pensions
5.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
5.3.5 Economic Hardship
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Ecuador
6.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Ecuador
6.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Protection System
6.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
6.2 Migration and Social Protection in Ecuador
6.2.1 Unemployment
6.2.2 Health Care
6.2.3 Pensions
6.2.4 Family Benefits
6.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
6.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Ecuadorian Citizens Abroad
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
7.2.1 The Ecuadorian Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
7.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
7.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
7.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Ecuador
7.3.1 Unemployment
7.3.2 Health Care
7.3.3 Pensions
7.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
7.3.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India
8.1 Overview of the National Social Security System and Key Migration Features in India
8.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
8.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
8.2 Migration and Social Protection in India
8.2.1 Unemployment
8.2.2 Health Care
8.2.3 Pensions
8.2.4 Family Benefits
8.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
8.2.6 Bilateral/Multilateral Social Security Agreements
8.2.7 Obstacles and Sanctions
8.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Indian Citizens Abroad
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
9.2.1 The Indian Diaspora and its Relations with India
9.2.2 India’s Diaspora Infrastructure
9.2.3 Key Diaspora Engagement Policies
9.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in India
9.3.1 Unemployment
9.3.2 Health Care
9.3.3 Pensions
9.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
9.3.5 Economic Hardship
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Lebanon
10.1 Overview of the National Social Security System and Main Migration Features in Lebanon
10.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
10.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
10.2 Migration and Social Protection in Lebanon
10.2.1 Unemployment
10.2.2 Health Care
10.2.3 Pensions
10.2.4 Family Benefits
10.2.5 Economic Hardship
10.2.6 Obstacles and Bilateral/Multilateral Social Security Agreements
10.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Lebanese Citizens Abroad
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diaspora Policy Infrastructure and Key Policies
11.2.1 The Lebanese Diaspora and Its Relations with the Homeland
11.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
11.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
11.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Lebanon
11.3.1 Unemployment
11.3.2 Health Care
11.3.3 Pensions
11.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
11.3.5 Economic Hardship
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Morocco
12.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Morocco
12.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
12.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
12.2 Migration and Social Protection in Morocco
12.2.1 Unemployment
12.2.2 Health Care
12.2.3 Pensions
12.2.4 Family Benefits
12.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
12.2.6 Obstacles and Sanctions
12.2.7 Bilateral and Multilateral Social Security Agreements
12.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad
13.1 Diaspora Policy Infrastructure and Key Policies
13.1.1 The Moroccan Diaspora and its Relation with the Homeland
13.1.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
13.1.3 Key Engagement Policies
13.2 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Morocco
13.2.1 Unemployment
13.2.2 Health Care
13.2.3 Pensions
13.2.4 Family-Related Benefits
13.2.5 Economic Hardship
13.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in the Russian Federation
14.1 Overview of the National Social Security System and Main Migration Features in the Russian Federation
14.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
14.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
14.2 Migration and Social Protection in the Russian Federation
14.2.1 Unemployment
14.2.2 Health Care
14.2.3 Pensions
14.2.4 Family Benefits
14.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
14.2.6 Obstacles and Bilateral/Multilateral Social Security Agreements
14.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Russian Citizens Abroad
15.1 Diaspora Policy Infrastructure and Key Policies
15.1.1 The Russian Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
15.1.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
15.1.3 Key Engagement Policies
15.2 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in the Russian Federation
15.2.1 Unemployment
15.2.2 Health Care
15.2.3 Pensions
15.2.4 Family-Related Benefits
15.2.5 Economic Hardship
15.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Senegal
16.1 Overview of the Senegalese Social Protection System and Main Migration Features in the Country
16.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Protection System
16.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
16.2 Migration and Social Protection in Senegal
16.2.1 Unemployment
16.2.2 Health Care
16.2.3 Pensions
16.2.4 Family Benefits
16.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
16.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Senegalese Citizens Abroad
17.1 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement Infrastructure
17.1.1 The Senegalese Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
17.1.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
17.1.3 Key Engagement Policies
17.2 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Senegal
17.2.1 Unemployment
17.2.2 Health Care
17.2.3 Pensions
17.2.4 Family-Related Benefits
17.2.5 Economic Hardship
17.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Serbia
18.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Serbia
18.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
18.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
18.2 Migration and Social Protection in Serbia
18.2.1 Unemployment
18.2.2 Health Care
18.2.3 Pensions
18.2.4 Family Benefits
18.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
18.2.6 Obstacles and Sanctions
18.2.7 Bilateral and Multilateral Social Security Agreements
18.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Serbian Citizens Abroad
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
19.2.1 The Serbian Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
19.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
19.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
19.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Serbia
19.3.1 Unemployment
19.3.2 Health Care
19.3.3 Pensions
19.3.4 Family Benefits
19.3.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources (Including Homelessness)
19.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Switzerland
20.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Switzerland
20.1.1 Main Characteristics of the Swiss Social Security System
20.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
20.2 Migration and Social Protection in Switzerland
20.2.1 Unemployment
20.2.2 Health Care
20.2.3 Pensions
20.2.4 Family Benefits
20.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
20.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Swiss Citizens Abroad
21.1 Diaspora Policy Infrastructure and Key Policies
21.1.1 Diaspora Infrastructure
21.1.2 Key Engagement Policies
21.2 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Switzerland
21.2.1 Unemployment
21.2.2 Health Care
21.2.3 Pensions
21.2.4 Family-Related Benefits
21.2.5 Economic Hardship
21.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Tunisia
22.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in Tunisia
22.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
22.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
22.2 Migration and Social Protection in Tunisia
22.2.1 Unemployment
22.2.2 Health Care
22.2.3 Pensions
22.2.4 Family Benefits
22.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
22.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Tunisian Citizens Abroad
23.1 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
23.1.1 The Tunisian Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
23.1.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
23.1.3 Key Engagement Policies
23.2 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Tunisia
23.2.1 Unemployment
23.2.2 Health Care
23.2.3 Pensions
23.2.4 Family-Related Benefits
23.2.5 Economic Hardship
23.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Turkey
24.1 Overview of the National Social Security System and Main Migration Features in Turkey
24.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
24.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
24.2 Migration and Social Protection in Turkey
24.2.1 Unemployment
24.2.2 Health Care
24.2.3 Pensions
24.2.4 Family Benefits
24.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
24.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Turkish Citizens Abroad
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement
25.2.1 The Turkish Diaspora and its Relations with the Homeland
25.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
25.2.2.1 The Consular Network
25.2.2.2 Institutions at the Sub-ministry Level
25.2.2.3 National-Level Public Institutions
25.2.2.4 Consultative Bodies
25.2.2.5 Diaspora Infrastructure of the Turkish Political Parties
25.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
25.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in Turkey
25.3.1 Unemployment
25.3.2 Health Care
25.3.3 Pensions
25.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
25.3.5 Economic Hardship
25.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in the UK
26.1 Overview of the Welfare System and Main Migration Features in the United Kingdom
26.1.1 Main Characteristics of the National Social Security System
26.1.2 Migration History and Key Policy Developments
26.2 Migration and Social Protection in the United Kingdom
26.2.1 Unemployment
26.2.2 Health Care
26.2.3 Pensions
26.2.4 Family Benefits
26.2.5 Guaranteed Minimum Resources
26.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 27: Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for UK Citizens Abroad
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Diaspora Characteristics and Home Country Engagement Policies
27.2.1 The UK Diaspora and its Relation with the Homeland
27.2.2 Diaspora Infrastructure
27.2.3 Key Engagement Policies
27.3 Diaspora Policies and Social Protection in the United Kingdom
27.3.1 Unemployment
27.3.2 Health Care
27.3.3 Pensions
27.3.4 Family-Related Benefits
27.3.5 Economic Hardship
27.4 Conclusions
References
