Lecture.
Table of Contents.
I-1 Table of Contents (1).
I-2 Table of Contents (2).
I-3 Table of Contents (3).
I-4 Table of Contents (4).
I-5 Table of Contents (5).
I-6 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (1).
I-7 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (2).
I-8 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (3).
I-9 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (4).
I-10 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (5).
I-11 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (6).
I-12 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (7).
I-13 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (8).
I-14 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (9).
I-15 Wave Reflection (1).
I-16 Wave Reflection (2).
I-17 Wave Reflection (3).
I-18 Wave Reflection (4).
I-19 Wave Reflection (5).
I-20 Wave Reflection (6).
I-21 Antenna Patterns, Directivity and Gain.
I-22 Polarization of Radiation.
I-23 Wave Polarization.
I-24 Electromagnetic Spectrum.
I-25 Radar and ECM Frequency Bands.
I-26 Radar Bands and Usage.
I-27 Joint Electronics Type Designation.
I-28 Examples of EW Systems.
I-29 Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR).
I-30 Time Delay Ranging.
I-31 Information Available From the Radar Echo.
I-32 Radar Classification by Function.
I-33 Radar Classification by Waveform.
I-34 Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (1).
I-35 Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (2).
I-36 Basic Form of the Radar Range Equation (3).
I-37 Characteristics of the Radar Range Equation.
I-38 Maximum Detection Range.
I-39 Generic Radar Block Diagram.
I-40 Brief Description of System Components.
I-41 Coordinate Systems.
I-42 Radar Displays.
I-43 Pulsed Waveform.
I-44 Range Ambiguities.
I-45 Range Gates.
I-46 Range Bins and Range Resolution.
I-47 Radar Operational Environment.
I-48 Ground Clutter From Sidelobes.
I-49 Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (1).
I-50 Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (2).
I-51 Survey of Propagation Mechanisms (3).
I-52 Radar System Design Tradeoffs.
I-53 Decibel Refresher.
I-54 Thermal Noise.
I-55 Noise in Radar Systems.
I-56 Noise in Radar Systems.
I-57 Ideal Filter.
I-58 Noise Bandwidth of an Arbitrary Filter.
I-59 Signal-to-noise Ratio (S/N).
I-60 Example: Police Radar.
I-61 Attack Approach.
I-62 Defeating Radar by Jamming.
I-63 Jammer Burnthrough Range (1).
I-64 Jammer Burnthrough Range (2).
I-65 Noise Figure.
I-66 Probability & Statistics Refresher (1).
I-67 Probability & Statistics Refresher (2).
I-68 Probability & Statistics Refresher (3).
I-69 Probability & Statistics Refresher (4).
I-70 Rayleigh Distribution (1).
I-71 Rayleigh Distribution (2).
I-72 Central Limit Theorem.
I-73 Transformation of Variables.
I-74 Fourier Transform Refresher (1).
I-75 Fourier Transform Refresher (2).
I-76 Fourier Transform Refresher (3).
I-77 Fourier Transform Refresher (4).
I-78 Fourier Transform Refresher (5).
I-79 Modulation of a Carrier (1).
I-80 Modulation of a Carrier (2).
I-81 Modulation of a Carrier (3).
I-82 Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (1).
I-83 Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (2).
I-84 Fourier Transform of a Pulse Train (3).
I-85 Response of Networks (1).
I-86 Response of Networks (2).
I-87 Response of Networks (3).
I-88 Signals and Noise Through Networks (1).
I-89 Signals and Noise Through Networks (2).
I-90 Signals and Noise Through Networks (3).
I-91 Rician Distribution.
I-92 Probability of False Alarm (1).
I-93 Probability of False Alarm (2).
I-94 Probability of False Alarm (3).
I-95 Probability of Detection (1).
I-96 Probability of Detection (2).
I-97 Probability of Detection (3).
I-98 Probability of Detection.
I-99 SNR Improvement Using Integration.
I-100 SNR Improvement Using Integration.
I-101 Illustration of Coherent Integration.
I-102 Approximate Antenna Model.
I-103 Number of Pulses Available.
I-104 Integration Improvement Factor.
I-105 RRE for Pulse Integration.
I-106 RRE for Pulse Integration.
I-107 RRE for Pulse Integration.
I-108 Radar Cross Section (1).
I-109 Radar Cross Section (2).
I-110 Radar Cross Section of a Sphere.
I-111 Radar Cross Section of a Cylinder.
I-112 Target Scattering Matrix (1).
I-113 Target Scattering Matrix (2).
I-114 Example: Antenna as a Radar Target.
I-115 Scattering Mechanisms.
I-116 Scattering Sources for a Complex Target.
I-117 Two Sphere RCS (1).
I-118 Two Sphere RCS (2).
I-119 RCS of a Two Engine Bomber.
I-120 RCS of a Naval Auxiliary Ship.
I-121 RCS of a Geometrical Components Jet.
I-122 Geometrical Components Jet.
I-123 Fluctuating Targets.
I-124 Swerling Types.
2.
I-125 Correction & Improvement Factors (1).
I-126 Correction & Improvement Factors (2).
I-127 Detection Range for Fluctuating Targets.
I-128 Example.
I-129 Defeating Radar by Low Observability.
I-130 Methods of RCS Reduction and Control.
I-131 Reduction by Shaping: Corner Reflector.
I-132 Application of Serrations to Reduce Edge Scattering.
I-133 Application of Serrations to Reduce Edge Scattering.
I-134 Traveling Waves.
I-135 Trailing Edge Resistive Strips.
I-136 Application of Reduction Methods.
I-137 Low Observable Platforms: F-117.
I-138 Low Observable Platforms: B-2.
I-139 Low Observable Platforms: Sea Shadow.
II-1 Other Sources of Loss.
II-2 Atmospheric Attenuation.
II-3 Rain Attenuation.
II-4 Transmission Line Loss.
II-5 Antenna Beamshape Loss.
II-6 Collapsing Loss.
II-7 Noise Figure & Effective Temperature (1).
II-8 Comments on Noise Figure & Temperature.
II-9 Noise in Cascaded Networks (1).
II-10 Noise Figure & Effective Temperature (2).
II-11 Noise Figure From Loss.
II-12 Examples (1).
II-13 Examples (2).
II-14 Examples (3).
II-15 Examples (4).
II-16 Examples (5).
II-17 Examples (6).
II-18 Examples (7).
II-19 Doppler Frequency Shift (1).
II-20 Doppler Frequency Shift (2).
II-21 Doppler Frequency Shift (3).
II-22 Doppler Filter Banks.
II-23 Example.
II-24 Example.
II-25 I and Q Representation.
II-26 Doppler Frequency Shift (4).
II-27 CW Radar Problems (1).
II-28 CW Radar Problems (2).
II-29 CW Radar Problems (3).
II-30 Frequency Modulated CW (FMCW).
II-31 FMCW (2).
II-32 FMCW (3).
II-33 FMCW (4).
II-34 FMCW Complications.
II-35 FMCW Complications.
II-36 MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar.
II-37 MTI (1).
II-38 MTI (2).
II-39 MTI (3).
II-40 PD and MTI Problem: Eclipsing.
II-41 PD and MTI Problem: Range Ambiguities.
II-42 Range Ambiguities (2).
II-43 Range Ambiguities (3).
II-44 Example.
II-45 PD and MTI Problem: Velocity Ambiguities.
II-46 Velocity Ambiguities (2).
II-47 Airborne MTI and Pulse Doppler Operation.
II-48 Surface Clutter (1).
II-49 Surface Clutter (2).
II-50 Surface Clutter (3).
II-51 Two-Way Pattern Beamwidth.
II-52 Surface Clutter (4).
II-53 Backscatter From Extended Surfaces.
II-54 Backscatter From Extended Surfaces.
II-55 Clutter Spectrum (1).
II-56 Clutter Spectrum (2).
II-57 Clutter Spectrum (3).
II-58 Clutter Spectrum (4).
II-59 Clutter Spectrum (5).
II-60 Clutter Spectrum (6).
II-61 Clutter Spectrum (7).
II-62 Sea States.
II-63 Sea Clutter.
II-64 Example: AN/APS-200.
II-65 Example: AN/APS-200.
II-66 Example: AN/APS-200.
II-67 Delay Line Canceler (1).
II-68 Delay Line Canceler (2).
II-69 Delay Line Canceler (3).
II-70 Delay Line Canceler (4).
II-71 Staggered and Multiple PRFs (1).
II-72 Staggered and Multiple PRFs (2).
II-73 Staggered and Multiple PRFs (3).
II-74 Synchronous Detection (I and Q Channels).
II-75 Analog vs Digital Processing for MTI.
II-76 Single Channel Receiver Block Diagram.
II-77 Synchronous Receiver Block Diagram.
II-78 SNR Advantage of Synchronous Detection (1).
II-79 SNR Advantage of Synchronous Detection (2).
II-80 Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (1).
II-81 Sampling Theorem (1).
II-82 Sampling Theorem (2).
II-83 Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (2).
II-84 Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (3).
II-85 Processing of a Coherent Pulse Train (4).
II-86 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
II-87 Doppler Filtering Using the DFT (1).
II-88 Doppler Filtering Using the DFT (2).
II-89 Pulse Doppler Receiver.
II-90 Pulse Burst Mode.
II-91 MTI Improvement Factors.
II-92 MTI Limitations (1).
II-93 MTI Limitations (2).
II-94 MTI Canceler Improvement Factors.
II-95 MTI Canceler Improvement Factors.
II-96 Example.
II-97 Coherent and Noncoherent Pulse Trains.
II-98 Noncoherent Pulse Train Spectrum (1).
II-99 Noncoherent Pulse Train Spectrum (2).
II-100 Search Radar Equation (1).
II-101 Search Radar Equation (2).
II-102 Search Radar Equation (3).
II-103 Search Radar Equation (4).
II-104 Radar Tracking (1).
II-105 Radar Tracking (2).
II-106 Radar Tracking (3).
II-107 Gain Control.
II-108 Example.
II-109 Example.
II-110 Monopulse Tracking (1).
II-111 Monopulse Tracking (2).
II-112 Monopulse Tracking (3).
II-113 Monopulse Tracking (4).
II-114 Monopulse Tracking (5).
II-115 Monopulse Tracking (6).
II-116 Monopulse Tracking (7).
II-117 Low Angle Tracking (1).
3.
II-118 Low Angle Tracking (2).
II-119 Low Angle Tracking (3).
II-120 Low Angle Tracking (4).
II-121 Tracking Error Due to Multipath.
II-122 Low Angle Tracking (5).
II-123 Low Angle Tracking (6).
II-124 Atmospheric Refraction (1).
II-125 Atmospheric Refraction (2).
II-126 Atmospheric Refraction (3).
III-1 Receiver Types (1).
III-2 Receiver Types (2).
III-3 Noise Power Spectral Density.
III-4 Matched Filters (1).
III-5 Matched Filters (2).
III-6 Matched Filters (3).
III-7 Matched Filters (4).
III-8 Matched Filters (5).
III-9 Matched Filters (6).
III-10 Matched Filters (7).
III-11 Complex Signals.
III-12 Ambiguity Function (1).
III-13 Ambiguity Function (2).
III-14 Ambiguity Function (3).
III-15 Ambiguity Function (4).
III-16 Ambiguity Function (5).
III-17 Range Accuracy (1).
III-18 Range Accuracy (2).
III-19 Range Accuracy (3).
III-20 Range Accuracy (4).
III-21 Velocity Accuracy.
III-22 Uncertainty Relation.
III-23 Angular Accuracy.
III-24 Pulse Compression.
III-25 Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp).
III-26 Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp).
III-27 Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp).
III-28 Linear FM Pulse Compression (Chirp).
III-29 Chirp Filter Output Waveform.
III-30 Range Resolution (1).
III-31 Range Resolution (2).
III-32 Pulse Compression Example.
III-33 Chirp Complications.
III-34 Digital Pulse Compression.
III-35 Barker Sequences.
III-36 Pulse Compessor/Expander.
III-37 The Ideal Radar Antenna.
III-38 Antenna Refresher (1).
III-39 Lens Antenna.
III-40 Solid Angles and Steradians.
III-41 Antenna Far Field.
III-42 Antenna Pattern Features.
III-43 Antenna Refresher (2).
III-44 Antenna Refresher (3).
III-45 Directivity Example.
III-46 Antenna Polarization Loss.
III-47 Parabolic Reflector Antenna.
III-48 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Losses.
III-49 Example.
III-50 Example.
III-51 Radiation by a Line Source (1).
III-52 Radiation by a Line Source (2).
III-53 Array Antennas (1).
III-54 Array Antennas (2).
III-55 Visible Region.
III-56 Array Antennas (3).
III-57 Array Antennas (4).
III-58 Array Factor for 2D Arrays.
III-59 Gain of Phased Arrays.
III-60 Array Elements and Ground Planes.
III-61 Array of Dipoles Above a Ground Plane.
III-62 Series Fed Waveguide Slot Array.
III-63 Low Probability of Intercept Radar (LPIR).
III-64 Low and Ultra Low Sidelobes.
III-65 Antenna Pattern Control.
III-66 Tapered Aperture Distributions.
III-67 Calculation of Aperture Efficiency.
III-68 Cosecant-Squared Antenna Pattern.
III-69 Example.
III-70 Array Example (1).
III-71 Array Example (2).
III-72 Array Example (3).
III-73 Array Example (4).
III-74 Calculation of Antenna Temperature.
III-75 Multiple Beam Antennas (1).
III-76 Multiple Beam Antennas (2).
III-77 Radiation Patterns of a Multiple Beam Array.
III-78 Beam Coupling Losses for a 20 Element Array.
III-79 Active vs Passive Antennas.
III-80 SNR Calculation for a Lossless Feed Network.
III-81 SNR Calculation for a Lossless Feed Network.
III-82 Passive Two-Beam Array (1).
III-83 Passive Two-Beam Array (2).
III-84 Active Two-Beam Array (1).
III-85 Active Two-Beam Array (2).
III-86 Comparison of SNR: Active vs Passive.
III-87 Example.
III-88 Active Array Radar Transmit/Receive Module.
III-89 Digital Phase Shifters.
III-90 Effect of Phase Shifter Roundoff Errors.
III-91 Digital Phase Shifters.
III-92 True Time Delay Scanning.
III-93 Time Delay vs Fixed Phase Scanning.
III-94 Beam Squint Due to Frequency Change.
III-95 Time Delay Networks.
III-96 Time Delay Using Fiber Optics.
III-97 Digital Beamforming (1).
III-98 Digital Beamforming (2).
III-99 Monopulse Difference Beams.
III-100 Sum and Difference Beamforming.
III-101 Waveguide Monopulse Beamforming Network.
III-102 Antenna Radomes.
III-103 Conformal Antennas & "Smart Skins".
III-104 Testing of Charred Space Shuttle Tile.
III-105 Antenna Imperfections (Errors).
III-106 Smart Antennas (1).
III-107 Smart Antennas (2).
III-108 Microwave Devices.
III-109 Transmission Line Refresher (1).
III-110 Transmission Line Refresher (2).
III-111 Transmission Line Refresher (3).
III-112 Multiplexers.
III-113 Rotary Joints.
III-114 Microwave Switches.
III-115 Circulators.
III-116 Waveguide Magic Tee.
III-117 Filter Characteristics.
III-118 Mixers (1).
III-119 Mixers (2).
III-120 Mixers (3).
III-121 Input-Output Transfer Characteristic.
III-122 Intermodulation Products.
III-123 Intermodulation Example.
4.
III-124 Amplifiers.
III-125 Low-Noise Amplifier.
III-126 Intermodulation Products of Amplifiers.
III-127 Sample Microwave Amplifier Characteristic.
III-128 Power Capabilities of Sources.
III-129 Development of Sources.
III-130 Transmitters (1).
III-131 Transmitters (2).
III-132 Klystrons.
III-133 Klystron Operation.
III-134 Cavity Magnetron.
III-135 Magnetron Operation.
III-136 Eight Cavity Magnetron.
III-137 Magnetron Basics (1).
III-138 Magnetron Basics (2).
III-139 Free-Electron Laser (FEL) Operation.
III-140 Free-Electron Lasers.
III-141 Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (1).
III-142 Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (2).
III-143 Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (3).
III-144 Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (4).
III-145 Radar Waveform Parameter Measurements (5).
IV-1 Special Radar Systems and Applications.
IV-2 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder Radar.
IV-3 Firefinder Radar Antenna (1).
IV-4 Firefinder Radar Antenna (2).
IV-5 AN/TPQ-37 Subarray.
IV-6 Firefinder Radar Antenna (3).
IV-7 Patriot Air Defense Radar (1).
IV-8 Patriot Air Defense Radar (2).
IV-9 SCR-270 Air Search Radar.
IV-10 SCR-270-D Radar.
IV-11 SPY-1 Shipboard Radar.
IV-12 X-Band Search Radar (AN/SPS-64).
IV-13 AN/SPS-64.
IV-14 C-Band Search Radar (AN/SPS-67).
IV-15 AN/SPS-67.
IV-16 Combat Surveillance Radar (AN/PPS-6).
IV-17 AN/PPS-6.
IV-18 Early Air Surveillance Radar (AN/APS-31).
IV-19 AN/APS-31.
IV-20 AN/APS-40.
IV-21 AN/APS-40.
IV-22 Plan Position Indicator (PPI).
IV-23 Radiometers (1).
IV-24 Radiometers (2).
IV-25 Radiometers (3).
IV-26 Radiometers (4).
IV-27 Radiometers (5).
IV-28 Harmonic Radar (1).
IV-29 Harmonic Radar (2).
IV-30 Harmonic Radar Tracking of Bees.
IV-31 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).
IV-32 SAR (2).
IV-33 SAR (3).
IV-34 Comparison of Array Factors.
IV-35 Image Resolution.
IV-36 Unfocused SAR (1).
IV-37 Unfocused SAR (2).
IV-38 Focused SAR.
IV-39 Example.
IV-40 Cross Range Processing (1).
IV-41 Cross Range Processing (2).
IV-42 Cross Range Processing (3).
IV-43 Motion Compensation.
IV-44 Radar Mapping.
IV-45 SAR Image.
IV-46 SAR Range Equation.
IV-47 SAR Problems (1).
IV-48 SAR Problems (2).
IV-49 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR).
IV-50 ISAR (2).
IV-51 ISAR (3).
IV-52 ISAR (4).
IV-53 HF Radars (1).
IV-54 HF Radars (2).
IV-55 HF Radars (3).
IV-56 Typical HF OTH Radar Parameters.
IV-57 Typical HF Clutter and Target Spectrum.
IV-58 Relocatable OTH Radar (ROTHR).
IV-59 HF Coastal Radar (CODAR).
IV-60 HF Radar Example (CONUS-B).
IV-61 Stepped Frequency Radar (1).
IV-62 Stepped Frequency Radar (2).
IV-63 Stepped Frequency Radar (3).
IV-64 Stepped Frequency Radar (4).
IV-65 Stepped Frequency Radar (5).
IV-66 Stepped Frequency Radar (6).
IV-67 Imaging of Moving Targets.
IV-68 Stepped Frequency Imaging (1).
IV-69 Stepped Frequency Imaging (2).
IV-70 Stepped Frequency Imaging (3).
IV-71 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (1).
IV-72 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (2).
IV-73 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (3).
IV-74 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (4).
IV-75 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (5).
IV-76 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (6).
IV-77 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (7).
IV-78 Ultra-Wide Band Radar (8).
IV-79 RCS Considerations.
IV-80 Time Domain Scattering.
IV-81 F-111 Resonant Frequencies.
IV-82 Currents on a F-111 at its First Resonance.
IV-83 Excitation of the First Resonance.
IV-84 Antenna Considerations.
IV-85 Brown Bat Ultrasonic Radar (1).
IV-86 Brown Bat Ultrasonic Radar (2).
IV-87 Doppler Weather Radar (1).
IV-88 Doppler Weather Radar (2).
IV-89 Doppler Weather Radar (3).
IV-90 Doppler Weather Radar (4).
IV-91 Doppler Weather Radar (5).
IV-92 Implementation and Interpretation of Data (1).
IV-93 Implementation and Interpretation of Data (2).
IV-94 Implementation and Interpretation of Data (3).
IV-95 Implementation and Interpretation of Data (4).
IV-96 Implementation and Interpretation of Data (5).
IV-97 Clear Air Echoes and Bragg Scattering.
IV-98 Weather Radar Example.
IV-99 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits.
IV-100 Tile Concept.
IV-101 Module Concept.
IV-102 MMIC Single Chip Radar (1).
IV-103 MMIC Single Chip Radar (2).
IV-104 MMIC FMCW Single Chip Radar (1).
IV-105 MMIC FMCW Single Chip Radar (2).
IV-106 Defeating Radar Using Chaff.
IV-107 Chaff (1).
IV-108 Chaff (2).
IV-109 Chaff (3).
IV-110 Chaff and Flares.
5.
IV-111 Bistatic Radar (1).
IV-112 Bistatic Radar (2).
IV-113 Flight-Tracking Firm Takes Off.
IV-114 Bistatic Radar (3).
IV-115 Bistatic Radar (4).
IV-116 Bistatic Radar Example (1).
IV-117 Bistatic Radar (5).
IV-118 Bistatic Radar (6).
IV-119 Bistatic Radar (7).
IV-120 Bistatic Radar (8).
IV-121 Bistatic Radar (9).
IV-122 Bistatic Radar (10).
IV-123 Bistatic Radar Example (2).
IV-124 Line-of-Sight Constrained Coverage (1).
IV-125 Line-of-Sight Constrained Coverage (2).
IV-126 Bistatic Radar (11).
IV-127 Bistatic Radar (12).
IV-128 Bistatic Footprint and Clutter Area (1).
IV-129 Bistatic F
