Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing for Security Applications

Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing for Security Applications......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1.1.1 Needs for Remote Security Sensing......Page 14
1.1.2 Advantages of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensors......Page 15
1.2.1 Radiometry......Page 16
1.2.3 Imaging Systems......Page 17
1.2.5 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing in Related Fields......Page 18
1.3.1 Frequency Designations......Page 20
1.3.2 Propagation of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radiation......Page 21
1.4 Examples of Remote Security Sensors......Page 22
1.4.2 Passive Imaging for Contraband Detection......Page 23
1.4.3 Detection of Human Presence......Page 25
1.4.4 Discrimination of Humans and Classification of Human Activity......Page 31
1.4.5 Through-Wall Detection......Page 32
References......Page 33
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations......Page 40
2.1.1 The Constitutive Parameters......Page 43
2.2 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields......Page 44
2.2.1 The Wave Equation......Page 45
2.2.2 Plane Waves......Page 46
2.2.3 Energy and Power......Page 50
2.3 Wave Polarization......Page 51
2.3.1 Linear Polarization......Page 52
2.3.2. Elliptical Polarization......Page 53
References......Page 55
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Waves in Media......Page 56
3.1 Plane Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media......Page 57
3.1.1 Good Conducting Media......Page 59
3.1.2 Good Dielectric Media......Page 60
3.1.3 Wave Impedance in Media......Page 61
3.2 Plane Wave Propagation in Bounded Media......Page 64
3.2.1 Reflection and Transmission of Normally Incident Waves......Page 65
3.2.2 Reflection and Transmission of Arbitrarily Incident Waves......Page 67
3.2.3 Power Reflection and Transmission......Page 71
3.2.4 Total Transmission and Total Reflection......Page 73
3.2.5 Layered Media......Page 74
3.3.1 Atmospheric Propagation Effects......Page 76
3.3.2. Propagation Through Building Materials......Page 82
3.3.3 Propagation Through Clothing and Garment Materials......Page 83
3.3.4 Dielectric Properties of Explosives, Plastics, and Metals......Page 84
3.3.5 Dielectric Properties of Human Tissue......Page 85
References......Page 94
Chapter 4Antennas......Page 98
4.1.1 Electromagnetic Potentials due to Electric Current Density J......Page 99
4.1.2 Electromagnetic Potentials due to Magnetic Current Density Jm......Page 101
4.1.3 Infinitesimal Dipole Radiation......Page 102
4.1.4 Far Field Radiation......Page 103
4.1.5 Infinitesimal Dipole Far Field Radiation......Page 107
4.2.1 Radiated Power Density and Total Radiated Power......Page 108
4.2.2 Antenna Pattern......Page 109
4.2.3 Antenna Pattern Beamwidth......Page 110
4.2.5 Directivity......Page 112
4.2.6 Gain......Page 114
4.2.7 Aperture Area and Pattern Solid Angle......Page 115
4.2.9 Polarization......Page 116
4.3.1 Infinitesimal Dipole......Page 117
4.3.2 Long Dipole......Page 118
4.4 Aperture Antennas......Page 120
4.4.1 Image Theory......Page 121
4.4.2 The Equivalence Principle......Page 122
4.4.3 Radiation from a Rectangular Aperture......Page 124
4.4.4 Radiation from a Circular Aperture......Page 128
4.5 Antenna Arrays......Page 130
4.5.1 Linear Array Theory......Page 131
4.5.2 Planar Arrays......Page 134
4.5.3 Array Beamwidth......Page 135
4.5.5 Array Architectures......Page 138
4.6.1 Horn Antennas......Page 141
4.6.2 Slot Antennas......Page 144
4.6.3 Microstrip Antennas......Page 145
4.6.4 Reflector Antenna Systems......Page 147
4.6.5 Lens Antenna Systems......Page 149
References......Page 150
Chapter 5Receivers......Page 152
5.1 General Operation of Receivers......Page 153
5.2 Receiver Noise......Page 156
5.2.1 Sources of Receiver Noise......Page 157
5.2.2 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth......Page 159
5.2.3 Thermal Noise at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies......Page 161
5.3.1 Noise Figure......Page 163
5.3.2 Noise Temperature......Page 165
5.3.3 Noise Figure of an Attenuator......Page 166
5.3.4 Noise in Cascaded Systems......Page 167
5.3.5 ADC Noise......Page 170
5.4 Receiver Linearity......Page 173
5.4.1 Gain Compression......Page 175
5.4.2 Intermodulation Products......Page 177
5.4.3 Third Order Intercept Point......Page 179
5.4.5 Dynamic Range......Page 181
5.4.6 Spurious Free Dynamic Range......Page 183
References......Page 184
Chapter 6 Radiometry......Page 186
6.1.1 Brightness......Page 187
6.1.2 Brightness and Distance......Page 189
6.1.3 Flux Density and Source Distribution......Page 191
6.1.4 Effect of the Antenna......Page 192
6.2.1 Planck’s Blackbody Radiation Law......Page 193
6.2.2 Approximations of Planck’s Law......Page 197
6.2.3 Band-Limited Integration of Planck’s Law......Page 198
6.3 Applied Radiometry......Page 200
6.3.1 Source Resolution......Page 201
6.3.2 Received Power as a Convolution......Page 203
6.3.3 Emissivity and Radiometric Temperature......Page 204
6.4 Radiometer Receivers......Page 209
6.4.1 Sensitivity......Page 210
6.4.2 Total Power Radiometer......Page 213
6.4.3 Interferometric Correlation Radiometer......Page 219
6.5.2 Dicke Radiometer......Page 228
6.5.3 Radiometer Calibration......Page 230
6.6 Scanning Radiometer Systems......Page 231
6.6.1 Spatial Resolution......Page 232
6.6.2 Dwell Time......Page 235
6.6.3 Measurement Uncertainty......Page 236
References......Page 239
Chapter 7 Radar......Page 242
7.1 Radar Fundamentals......Page 243
7.1.1 Configurations and Measurements......Page 244
7.1.2 Range Equation......Page 246
7.2.1 Transmitter Functionality......Page 249
7.2.2 Transmitter Noise......Page 252
7.2.3 Millimeter-Wave Oscillators......Page 254
7.3.1 Measurement Error......Page 256
7.3.2 Impact of the Time-Bandwidth Product on Measurement Error......Page 264
7.4 Micro-Doppler......Page 266
7.4.1 Micro-Doppler in Security Radar......Page 267
7.4.2 Micro-Doppler Theory......Page 268
7.4.3 Human Micro-Doppler Signature......Page 273
7.5 Continuous-Wave Radar......Page 279
7.5.1 Continuous-Wave Doppler......Page 280
7.5.2 Frequency-Modulated CW......Page 284
7.5.3 Multifrequency CW......Page 287
7.5.4 Moving Target Indication Radar......Page 288
7.6 High-Range Resolution Radar......Page 292
7.6.1 Pulse Radar......Page 293
7.6.2 Linear Frequency Modulation......Page 295
7.6.3 Stepped-Frequency Modulation......Page 298
References......Page 299
Chapter 8Imaging Systems......Page 302
8.1.1 Types of Scanning Imagers......Page 304
8.1.2 General Characteristics of Scanning Systems......Page 305
8.2.1 Introduction......Page 308
8.2.2 Image Formation......Page 309
8.2.3 Visibility Sampling......Page 316
8.2.4 Two-Dimensional Visibility......Page 321
8.2.5 Image Sensitivity......Page 322
8.2.6 Image Resolution and Field of View......Page 325
8.2.7 Interferometric Imaging Arrays......Page 331
References......Page 338
Chapter 9 Interferometric Measurement of Angular Velocity......Page 342
9.1 Interferometer Response to an Angularly Moving Point Source......Page 343
9.1.1 System Beam Pattern......Page 344
9.1.2 Frequency Shift Induced by an Angularly Moving Object......Page 345
9.1.3 Comparison to Doppler Frequency Shift......Page 346
9.1.5 Small Angle Approximation......Page 348
9.2.1 General Spectral Response......Page 349
9.2.2 Response with a Sinc Function System Beam Pattern......Page 350
9.2.3 Interferometer Response in the Time-Frequency Domain......Page 354
9.3.1 Narrow-Beamwidth Response to a Moving Human......Page 357
9.3.2 Wide-Beamwidth Response to a Moving Human......Page 359
References......Page 362
List of Symbols......Page 364
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 368
About the Author......Page 370
Index......Page 372